etiological factors
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2022 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Rejani Thudalikunnil Gopalan

Intellectual disability (ID, also known as mental retardation) is a condition of arrested or incomplete development of the mind. ID is especially characterized by impairment of skills manifested during the developmental period, which contribute to the overall level of intelligence (i.e., cognitive, language, motor, and social abilities). The understanding about intellectual disability, mainly its features, causes and intervention has a long history. Researches on causes of intellectual disability lead to finding of multiple etiological factors which reflected well on its improved management techniques. The changes in terminology used describe intellectual disability also reflected our understanding about it different dimensions including social stigma. This chapter focused to give an overall view about its history, changes in terminology, classification, epidemiology, etiology, comorbidities, and management. Over the years, there are many changes and findings that have happened, yet many questions are unanswered related to this condition.


Author(s):  
Makhmonov Lutfulla Saydullaevich

Abstract: This article discusses the main criteria for the effectiveness of treatment of iron deficiency anemia associated with Helicobacter pylori. New methods used in its treatment will be discussed, the problems encountered in this process and methods of treatment will be discussed. Keywords: treatment, deficiency anemia, Helicobacter pylori, health system, etiological factors.


2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (58) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Adrielle Barbosa Neves ◽  
Carla De Oliveira Freire ◽  
Edite Novais Borges Pinchemel

Resumo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi discutir aspectos do bruxismo infantil através de uma revisão de literatura, abordando os fatores etiológicos bem como sinais, sintomas e características clínicas desta condição. É de grande importância o domínio dos sinais e sintomas para um diagnóstico mais preciso pelos profissionais da odontopediatria.  O  tratamento é multidisciplinar para esta condição parafuncional. Os resultados demonstraram ser o bruxismo um hábito não funcional da função mastigatória, que se caracteriza , pelo  ato de apertar ou ranger os dentes, ocorrendo tanto durante o dia como no momento do sono. A etiologia é multifatorial e a literatura apresenta diversos, tais como fatores associados: dentário, fisiológico,  psicológico e neurológico. O sinal mais comum é um certo desgaste nas  faces incisais, principalmente dos dentes anteriores e, oclusais nos dentes posteriores. Também tende a ocasionar hipersensibilidade dentária, fratura  de cúspides e restaurações e hipertonicidade dos músculos  mastigatórios.  Concluiu-se que conhecer os fatores etiológicos e as  características clínicas do bruxismo na infância é importante para um diagnóstico o mais  rápido possível, permitindo um tratamento precoce que favoreça o bem-estar da criança. Palavras-chave: bruxismo; crianças; odontopediatria.  Abstract: The aim of this study was to discuss aspects of childhood bruxism through a literature review, addressing the etiological factors as well as signs, symptoms and clinical characteristics of this condition. It is very important to master the signs and symptoms for a more accurate diagnosis by pediatric dentistry professionals. Treatment is multidisciplinary for this parafunctional condition. The results showed that bruxism is a non-functional habit of the masticatory function, which is characterized by the act of squeezing or grinding the teeth, occurring both during the day and during sleep. The etiology is multifactorial and the literature presents several, such as associated factors: dental, physiological, psychological and neurological. The most common sign is some wear on the incisal surfaces, especially on the anterior teeth, and occlusal on the posterior teeth. It also tends to cause tooth hypersensitivity, fracture of the cusps and restorations, and hypertonicity of masticatory muscles. It was concluded that knowing the etiological factors and clinical characteristics of bruxism in childhood is important for a diagnosis as quickly as possible, allowing an early treatment that favors the child's well-being.Keywords: bruxism; kids; pediatric dentistry.


ASJ. ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (56) ◽  
pp. 43-48
Author(s):  
L. Levchenko ◽  
H. Sargsyan ◽  
S. Cherkasova

This article focuses on the variety of clinical manifestations of intrauterine pneumonia in newborns, including premature infants. The clinical picture of early and late intrauterine pneumonia is presented. The features of the methods of examination of the respiratory organs, such as percussion and auscultation in newborns, are given. The article presents the material of the course of pneumonia which is based on etiological factors and manifested by specific clinical features. The main methods of diagnosis of intrauterine pneumonia such as instrumental and laboratory which is used in newborns are indicated


2021 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katalin Csurgay ◽  
Attila Zalatnai ◽  
Márta Benczik ◽  
Benedek Krisztián Csomó ◽  
Ferenc Horváth ◽  
...  

The etiological factors of squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck have been well known for a long time. It is also well known that the incidence of oral cancer diagnosed in younger patients is on the rise. Due to the young age of these patients, the increase in the number of these cases and the fact that many of them neither smoke nor drink alcohol it has been suggested that other factors might be at play in the carcinogenesis of oral cancer. Thus, along the classic etiological factors of smoking and alcohol abuse certain molecular marker anomalies and the human papilloma virus (HPV) have emerged as potential factors. The aim of the present study is to verify the potential prognostic factors and to map the differences in biomarker expression between the young and the old patient groups. In the present study the immunohistochemical profile of samples obtained from oral squamous cell carcinomas was studied and compared with various clinico-pathological parameters. In 88 samples the expressions of p16, p53, Ki67, EGFR were studied with a tissue microarray technique under standard reaction conditions as well as the detection and typing of HPV infection with the Full Spectrum HPV DNA method. The biomarker expression profile of young patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma was compared to that of older patients (above 50). A significant difference was found between the immunohistochemical profile of the young and old patient groups in p16, Ki67 expression. The overall survival and progression free survival were influenced by p16 expression in young age.


Author(s):  
Georgina M. Hosang ◽  
Joanna Martin ◽  
Robert Karlsson ◽  
Sebastian Lundström ◽  
Henrik Larsson ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
pp. 82-83
Author(s):  
Manju. J ◽  
Priya Ramani ◽  
Rabitha . B

Oral sub mucous brosis is a potentially premalignant disorder which has multiple etiological factors among which habit of using tobacco especially chewing betel quid and arecanut is the important risk factor .The aim of this article is to emphasize on the etiopathogenesis and various recent treatment modalities that are available


Vestnik ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 273-275
Author(s):  
А.Р. Смагулова ◽  
Г.Б. Кадржанова ◽  
А.Ш. Избасарова ◽  
Н.Д. Тулекова

В данной статье представлен анализ особенностей проявлений дискинетической формы церебрального паралича у недоношенных детей. В статье описаны ранние проявления данной патологии, сроки формирования гиперкинезов, этиологические факторы. This article presents an analysis of the features of the manifestations of the dyskinetic form of cerebral palsy in premature infants. The article describes the early manifestations of this pathology, the timing of the formation of hyperkinesis, and etiological factors.


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