Pathomorphologc Findings of Lead Poisoning in White-fronted Geese (Anser albifrons)

1993 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 522-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Ochiai ◽  
K. Jin ◽  
M. Goryo ◽  
T. Tsuzuki ◽  
C. Itakura
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Lead Poisoning ◽  
Intrahepatic Cholestasis ◽  
Lead Concentration ◽  
Hepatic Necrosis ◽  
Anser Albifrons ◽  
Gross Lesions ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Liver Lead Concentration ◽  
High Lead

Nineteen lead-poisoned white-fronted geese ( Anser albifrons), including nine immature birds, were examined pathologically. Subacute lead poisoning due to ingestion of spent lead shots was diagnosed pathologically and confirmed by demonstrating high lead concentration in the liver. The liver lead concentration ranged from 6.9 to 67.7 mg/kg wet weight. The most suggestive gross lesions were mottled bile-stained liver in eight geese and proventricular impaction and/or the presence of lead pellets in the gizzard. Histologic lesions of the liver consisted of Kupffer cell hemosiderosis, large bile plugs in dilated canaliculi, bile pigmentation in hepatocytes, and bile extravasation and associated hepatic necrosis. Seven geese of the remaining 11 birds also had hepatic necrosis in the liver, the greenish discoloration of which was obscure macroscopically. The liver discoloration was considered a jaundice due to both rapid overproduction of bile from increased breakdown of erythrocytes and intrahepatic impaired excretion of bile. The severity of lesions was not correlated to the liver lead concentrations. All examined geese had hemosiderosis of mononuclear phagocytic system cells in the spleen and hypoplasia or edema of the bone marrow with increased numbers of polychromatic erythroblasts. These prominent changes probably resulted from excess breakdown of erythrocytes, hypercholia followed by intrahepatic cholestasis, and disrupted crythropoiesis in bone marrow caused by lead.

scholarly journals Some Observations on the Morphology of Erythropoietic Cells in Human Lead Poisoning

Blood ◽  
1956 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
TIHOMIL BERITIĆ ◽  
MILUTIN VANDEKAR
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Lead Poisoning ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Laboratory Findings ◽  
Nuclear Alterations ◽  
High Lead ◽  
Morphologic Changes ◽  
Qualitative Changes

Abstract Morphologic changes of erythropoietic cells in the bone marrow of 19 lead intoxicated patients are reported. In addition to clinical manifestations the toxic action of lead was verified by the laboratory findings: high lead blood values, increased coproporphyrinuria and characteristic findings in peripheral blood. Qualitative changes of erythroblasts were constantly present in all smears examined. Abnormalities most frequently observed were: (a) basophilic stippling, (b) polyploidy, (c) nuclear alterations ("karyorrhexis"), and (d) aberrant chromosomes. The incideces of some of these changes have been given. The mechanism by which these changes might be brought about is discussed; the role of interruption of cytokinesis and karyokinesis is emphasized.

Biosynthesis of lead nanoparticles by the aquatic water fern, Salvinia minima Baker, when exposed to high lead concentration

2014 ◽  
Vol 114 ◽  
pp. 277-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Castro-Longoria ◽  
K. Trejo-Guillén ◽  
A.R. Vilchis-Nestor ◽  
M. Avalos-Borja ◽  
S.B. Andrade-Canto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lead Concentration ◽  
High Lead

scholarly journals Influence of fixation procedures on the microanalysis of lead-induced intranuclear inclusions in rat kidney.

1990 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
D F Vandeputte ◽  
W A Jacob ◽  
R E Van Grieken
Keyword(s):  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
Lead Concentration ◽  
Rat Kidney ◽  
Kidney Tissue ◽  
Element Distribution ◽  
Intranuclear Inclusions ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Wet Chemical ◽  
High Lead ◽  
Laser Microprobe Mass Analysis

Using Laser Microprobe Mass Analysis (LAMMA), we studied the chemical composition of lead-induced intranuclear inclusions in rat kidney tissue prepared by three different wet chemical fixation procedures for transmission electron microscopy. Fixation with glutaraldehyde-Na2S gave the same results as fixation with glutaraldehyde only: a high lead concentration could be detected. Therefore, for lead strongly bound to proteins, precipitation procedures are not essential. Post-fixation with osmium tetroxide drastically changed the composition of the inclusions: the lead concentration decreased substantially, while sodium, calcium, and barium were introduced. The osmium tetroxide fixative was found to be the source of the contamination. It also contained aluminum, and we suggest that other proteins (e.g., in neurofibrillary tangles) might be able to take up Al out of solution and that care must be exercised in interpreting the microanalytical results of osmium-fixed material. For the microanalysis of the lead inclusions, fixation with glutaraldehyde only provides a good compromise between preservation of the ultrastructure and maintenance of the element distribution.

Screening for Lead Poisoning: Measurements and Methodology

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-304
Author(s):  
Gordon D. McLaren ◽  
William F. Barthel ◽  
Philip Landrigan
Keyword(s):  
Lead Poisoning ◽  
Lead Concentration ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Blood Lead Concentration ◽  
Extensive Experience

Piomelli et al.1 have presented an extensive experience in comparison of free erythrocyte porphyrin (FEP) levels with blood lead concentrations. Their finding that an FEP ≥ 250µg/100 ml RBC was invariably associated with a blood lead concentration ≥ 6Oµg/100 ml is consistent with data obtained in our laboratory2 using a somewhat different microfluorometric method for FEP determination.3 We must, however, take issue with the conclusion of Piomelli et al.1 that only FEP levels above 250µg/100 ml RBC should be considered "positive."

Screening for Lead Poisoning in an Urban Pediatric Clinic Using Samples Obtained by Fingerstick

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 174-179
Author(s):  
David J. Schonfeld ◽  
Mark R. Cullen ◽  
Petrie M. Rainey ◽  
Anne T. Berg ◽  
David R. Brown ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lead Poisoning ◽  
False Positive ◽  
Lead Concentration ◽  
Capillary Tube ◽  
Graphite Furnace ◽  
False Positive Rate ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Zinc Protoporphyrin ◽  
Pediatric Clinic ◽  
Positive Rate

Objective. To assess the false positive rate of blood (BPb) determinations on sample obtained by fingerstick from children screened in an urban clinic. Method. From a single fingerstick (N = 1573), blood was collected in a capillary tube for determining lead concentration (CPb) by graphite furnace and an additional sample was absorbed onto a filter paper for determining lead concentration (FPb) by atomic absorption spectrophotometry with Delves cup. Zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) was measured immediately and a confirmatory venous lead (VPb) specimen was obtained at the same visit if the ZPP was ≥35 µg/dL (0.6 µmol/L); children with either a CPb or FPb ≥15 µg/dL (0.7 µmol/L) were later recalled for determining VPb. Results. For the 172 children who had a VPb on the same day as the screening tests, the false positive rates (95% confidence intervals) at a lead threshold of 15 µg/dL (0.7 µmol/L) were: CPb, 13.5% (6.7-20.3); FPb, 19.1% (11.8-26.4). Analyses using all 679 screens with a paired venous specimen (mean delay between screen and venous testing = 30 days) yielded much higher false positive rates (CPb, 31.3%; FPb, 46.0%). Conclusions. Screening for lead poisoning is feasible within an urban pediatric clinic by direct measurement of lead concentration in blood samples obtained by fingerstick. The false positive rate that can be obtained is acceptable given the precision of measuring BPb concentration. Practitioners using a staged screening protocol may incorrectly attribute a higher false positive rate to the screening tests, when much of the error may be due to the temporal variability of BPb resulting from both biologic variability in BPb concentration and intermittent exposures.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of hair lead concentration as biological indicator of environmental and professional exposure s

2020 ◽  
pp. 11-14
Keyword(s):  
Lead Poisoning ◽  
Lead Exposure ◽  
Urine Analysis ◽  
Lead Concentration ◽  
Graphite Furnace ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Professional Exposure ◽  
Hair Samples ◽  
Exposed Workers

Introduction: Biological monitoring is highly recommended to assess occupational and environmental exposures to toxic chemicals. In this context, blood and urine are conventional matrices for lead poisoning biotoxicological assessment. Blood and urine analysis are more contributive for recent lead exposure. Chronic lead exposure may have different characteristics. long-term exposure could be responsible of insidious poisoning which cannot always be assessed by these usual matrices. The aim of this study is to demonstrate that human hair can be used as an alternative matrix to detect chronic toxic exposure among occupationally and non-occupationally leadexposed subjects. Material and Method: This case-control study analyzed blood, urine and hair sampled from 40 exposed workers versus a control group of 30. Particulate matters of lead are collected from different workplace ambient air. Analysis is realized using the graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Correlations are studied between the different matrices in both groups and between seniority and lead concentrations in biological samples. Results This study concerned 70 male subjects: forty battery manufacturing factory workers and thirty controls (non-exposed to lead in their workplaces). The results showed a significant correlation between lead levels in the three matrices and the intensity of exposure among both groups (Pb hair-blood P=0.017;Pb hair-urine<0.000). Hair lead concentrations study among cases in function of occupational seniority confirmed the stability of this matrix (Pb>3000 µg/g of hair at 20 years). The study of hair lead concentration according to workplace showed a significantly higher exposure for the station of assemblers. Conclusion Hair is an efficient biological sample to assess lead poisoning especially for chronic exposure. Hair is easy to collect, to handle and gives reproducible results that may be useful in monitoring of exposed workers. Key words Lead poisoning, monitoring, exposure, hair samples.

Bald Eagle Lead Exposure in the Upper Midwest

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 208-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah E. Warner ◽  
Edward E. Britton ◽  
Drew N. Becker ◽  
Michael J. Coffey
Keyword(s):  
Lead Poisoning ◽  
Lead Exposure ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Bald Eagle ◽  
Haliaeetus Leucocephalus ◽  
Upper Midwest ◽  
Bald Eagles ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Liver Lead Concentration

Abstract In 2012, we examined lead exposure in 58 bald eagles Haliaeetus leucocephalus found dead in Iowa, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. We determined lead concentrations in livers, examined differences in exposure among ages and between sexes, and recorded clinical signs consistent with lead poisoning. Most (60%) of the bald eagles had detectable lead concentrations, and 38% of the 58 had concentrations within the lethal range for lead poisoning. We found no differences in exposure based on sex or age, but we did find an inverse relationship between body and liver mass and liver lead concentration. The high percentage of lead-exposed bald eagles encouraged us to further examine potential sources of lead in our local environment. We initiated a study on the Fish and Wildlife Service's Upper Mississippi River National Wildlife and Fish Refuge to investigate if discarded offal piles from hunter-killed deer were a potential source of lead exposure to scavenging wildlife such as the bald eagle. Radiographs showed that 36% of offal piles in our sample area contained lead fragments ranging from 1 to 107 particles per pile. Our study indicated that 1) lead exposure rates for bald eagles found dead in our Upper Midwest study area were high, 2) more than one-third of the bald eagles found dead in Iowa, Minnesota, and Wisconsin had liver lead concentrations consistent with lead poisoning, and 3) discarded offal piles from deer shot with lead ammunition can be a potential source of lead exposure for bald eagles.

scholarly journals Professionals’ Perceptions: “Why is Lead Poisoning Prevalent in Lancaster County?”

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (13) ◽  
pp. 2281
Author(s):  
Okatch ◽  
Cherney ◽  
Mokshefsky ◽  
Kuon ◽  
Scheuring ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lead Poisoning ◽  
Home Ownership ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Housing Status ◽  
Lancaster County ◽  
Competing Interests ◽  
Social Welfare Services ◽  
Knowledge Levels ◽  
Poisoning In Children ◽  
High Lead

Background: The prevalence of lead poisoning in children under the age of six years living in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania continues to be greater than the state-wide prevalence for this age group. This study aims to determine the factors that contribute to the high lead poisoning rates. Methods: For this qualitative study, the researchers recruited a convenience sample of professionals providing healthcare and social welfare services in the county. Researchers conducted in-depth interviews with participants. The research team audio recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed each interview using NVivo 12 software. Results: The 16 interviewed participants identified factors that contribute to high lead poisoning rates including knowledge levels, housing status, and competing interests. Specifically, low knowledge levels, renting as opposed to home ownership, and having competing interests seemed to minimize the attention directed towards preventing lead poisoning. The experts offered recommendations to address the high lead poisoning rates including increasing lead knowledge levels of both community members and landlords, through creating and distributing health promotion material, enacting policies to empower renters, and systematically collaborating to streamline lead poisoning related information and services. Conclusions: Findings provide insights to factors that Lancaster can address to achieve a decrease in lead poisoning rates. This study provides information that can be utilized by public health professionals to develop appropriate interventions.

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