scholarly journals The face as folded object: Race and the problems with ‘progress’ in forensic DNA phenotyping

2021 ◽  
pp. 030631272110355
Author(s):  
Roos Hopman
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Scientific Practices ◽  
Forensic Dna ◽  
Facial Shape ◽  
The Face ◽  
Color Data ◽  
Collection Practices ◽  
Forensic Dna Phenotyping

Forensic DNA phenotyping (FDP) encompasses a set of technologies aimed at predicting phenotypic characteristics from genotypes. Advocates of FDP present it as the future of forensics, with an ultimate goal of producing complete, individualised facial composites based on DNA. With a focus on individuals and promised advances in technology comes the assumption that modern methods are steadily moving away from racial science. Yet in the quantification of physical differences, FDP builds upon some nineteenth- and twentieth-century scientific practices that measured and categorised human variation in terms of race. In this article I complicate the linear temporal approach to scientific progress by building on the notion of the folded object. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork conducted in various genetic laboratories, I show how nineteenth- and early twentieth-century anthropological measuring and data-collection practices and statistical averaging techniques are folded into the ordering of measurements of skin color data taken with a spectrophotometer, the analysis of facial shape based on computational landmarks and the collection of iris photographs. Attending to the historicity of FDP facial renderings, I bring into focus how race comes about as a consequence of temporal folds.

scholarly journals Pushing the Boundaries: Forensic DNA Phenotyping Challenged by Single-Cell Sequencing

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1362
Author(s):  
Marta Diepenbroek ◽  
Birgit Bayer ◽  
Katja Anslinger
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Snp Markers ◽  
Forensic Dna ◽  
Single Cell Sequencing ◽  
Promising Tool ◽  
Phenotype Analysis ◽  
T System ◽  
Forensic Dna Phenotyping

Single-cell sequencing is a fast developing and very promising field; however, it is not commonly used in forensics. The main motivation behind introducing this technology into forensics is to improve mixture deconvolution, especially when a trace consists of the same cell type. Successful studies demonstrate the ability to analyze a mixture by separating single cells and obtaining CE-based STR profiles. This indicates a potential use of the method in other forensic investigations, like forensic DNA phenotyping, in which using mixed traces is not fully recommended. For this study, we collected single-source autopsy blood from which the white cells were first stained and later separated with the DEPArray™ N×T System. Groups of 20, 10, and 5 cells, as well as 20 single cells, were collected and submitted for DNA extraction. Libraries were prepared using the Ion AmpliSeq™ PhenoTrivium Panel, which includes both phenotype (HIrisPlex-S: eye, hair, and skin color) and ancestry-associated SNP-markers. Prior to sequencing, half of the single-cell-based libraries were additionally amplified and purified in order to improve the library concentrations. Ancestry and phenotype analysis resulted in nearly full consensus profiles resulting in correct predictions not only for the cells groups but also for the ten re-amplified single-cell libraries. Our results suggest that sequencing of single cells can be a promising tool used to deconvolute mixed traces submitted for forensic DNA phenotyping.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the VISAGE Basic Tool for Appearance and Ancestry Prediction Using PowerSeq Chemistry on the MiSeq FGx System

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 708 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leire Palencia-Madrid ◽  
Catarina Xavier ◽  
María de la Puente ◽  
Carsten Hohoff ◽  
Christopher Phillips ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Color ◽  
Massively Parallel Sequencing ◽  
Forensic Genetics ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Forensic Dna ◽  
Basic Tool ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Technical Developments ◽  
Biogeographical Ancestry ◽  
Forensic Dna Phenotyping

The study of DNA to predict externally visible characteristics (EVCs) and the biogeographical ancestry (BGA) from unknown samples is gaining relevance in forensic genetics. Technical developments in Massively Parallel Sequencing (MPS) enable the simultaneous analysis of hundreds of DNA markers, which improves successful Forensic DNA Phenotyping (FDP). The EU-funded VISAGE (VISible Attributes through GEnomics) Consortium has developed various targeted MPS-based lab tools to apply FDP in routine forensic analyses. Here, we present an evaluation of the VISAGE Basic tool for appearance and ancestry prediction based on PowerSeq chemistry (Promega) on a MiSeq FGx System (Illumina). The panel consists of 153 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that provide information about EVCs (41 SNPs for eye, hair and skin color from HIrisPlex-S) and continental BGA (115 SNPs; three overlap with the EVCs SNP set). The assay was evaluated for sensitivity, repeatability and genotyping concordance, as well as its performance with casework-type samples. This targeted MPS assay provided complete genotypes at all 153 SNPs down to 125 pg of input DNA and 99.67% correct genotypes at 50 pg. It was robust in terms of repeatability and concordance and provided useful results with casework-type samples. The results suggest that this MPS assay is a useful tool for basic appearance and ancestry prediction in forensic genetics for users interested in applying PowerSeq chemistry and MiSeq for this purpose.

scholarly journals Development of Monitoring System for Facial Shape and Skin Color Using Depth Camera mounted on a Smartphone

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (28) ◽  
pp. 119-124
Author(s):  
Ikumi Nomura ◽  
Reimei Koike ◽  
Naoaki Rikihisa ◽  
Nobuyuki Mitsukawa ◽  
Norimichi Tsumura
Keyword(s):  
Skin Color ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Aesthetic Surgery ◽  
Depth Camera ◽  
Depth Sensor ◽  
Face Shape ◽  
Illumination Direction ◽  
Facial Shape ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Face

Regular observation and recording of the changes in body appearance are essential for the process of the treatment of plastic surgery and dermatology, especially aesthetic surgery. Usually, physicians treat patients with medical interviews, pictures of the patient's faces before and after their treatment, anatomical data that including size, location, and color of the affected skin. However, it is difficult to capture the affected area under the same conditions every time because the captured range varies depending on the imaging angle and distance. There is a need to record three-dimensional shape of face parts such as cheek, nose, eye, and chin. Therefore, in this study, the face shape and the skin color were measured using the infrared depth camera and the RGB camera built in the smartphone three-dimensionally. We measured before and after modulating the shape and color of the face, and then, the change in volume and the change in skin pigment of skin color was calculated and visualized. This method makes it possible to analyze the skin shape and color independently of the viewing angle and the illumination direction. In this study, the depth sensor built in the smartphone showed the potential to monitor changes in facial shape and skin color. In the future, it is expected to contribute to the development of telemedicine, in which the patient measures their face at home and gets medical treatment consultation remotely.

scholarly journals Forensic DNA phenotyping and its politics of legitimation and contestation: Views of forensic geneticists in Europe

2020 ◽  
pp. 030631272094503 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafaela Granja ◽  
Helena Machado
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Boundary Work ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Forensic Dna ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Forensic Dna Phenotyping

Forensic DNA Phenotyping (FDP) is a set of techniques that aim to infer externally visible characteristics in humans – such as eye, hair and skin color – and biogeographical ancestry of an unknown person, based on biological material. FDP has been applied in various jurisdictions in a limited number of high-profile cases to provide intelligence for criminal investigations. There are on-going controversies about the reliability and validity of FDP, which come together with debates about the ethical challenges emerging from the use of this technology in the criminal justice system. Our study explores how, in the context of complex politics of legitimation of and contestation over the use of FDP, forensic geneticists in Europe perceive this technology’s potential applications, utility and risks. Forensic geneticists perform several forms of discursive boundary work, making distinctions between science and the criminal justice system, experts and non-experts, and good and bad science. Such forms of boundary work reconstruct the complex positioning vis-à-vis legal and scientific realities. In particular, while mobilizing interest in FDP, forensic geneticists simultaneously carve out notions of risk, accountability and scientific conduct that perform distance from FDP’ implications in the criminal justice system.

scholarly journals Forensic DNA Phenotyping: starting point to prediction model in Pernambuco population, Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (13) ◽  
pp. e262101320955
Author(s):  
Juliana Maria de Souza ◽  
Michael Lopes Bastos ◽  
Bárbara de Oliveira Silva ◽  
Karla Giselle Gomes de Lima ◽  
Giwellington Silva de Albuquerque ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Color ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Forensic Dna ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
New Information ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Color Data ◽  
The One ◽  
Few Data

The study of Externally Visible Characteristics (EVC) of pigmentation associated with SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms) has become a target in the forensic field due to the possibility of phenotypically characterizing an individual. In Brazil, there are few data that shows the evaluation of some these markers, so further studies are necessary to understand better the pigmentation process related to genetic markers. The aim of this study was to test the association between 8 SNPs  present in HIrisplex tool and EVC to provide a starting point for the development of prediction models for heterogeneous populations like the one in Pernambuco. Were evaluated 176 individuals by associations between self-reported eye, hair and skin color data and polymorphisms. Artificial intelligence tools were used for the prediction models. Significant associations were found between rs1800404 (OCA2), rs6058017 (ASIP), rs16891982 (SLC45A2) and rs1426654 (SLC24A5) with (EVC). The prediction models evaluated showed satisfactory prediction rates, rates above 60% for skin color and above 70% for eyes and hair. The associations found in our data show the importance of SNPs evaluation used in DNA Phenotyping, because of its ability to provide new information in the context of criminal investigations. Our data indicate that is possible to use molecular information to predict phenotypes in miscigenated populations, like the Brazilian population. These polymorphisms could be possible phenotypic predictors for the Pernambuco population.

Studying Modern Arabic Literature

2015 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Arab World ◽  
Public Intellectual ◽  
Arabic Literature ◽  
Global Culture ◽  
The West ◽  
Teaching And Research ◽  
The Face ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Modern Arabic

This book is devoted to the life and academic legacy of Mustafa Badawi who transformed the study of modern Arabic literature in the second half of the twentieth century. Prior to the 1960s the study of Arabic literature, both classical and modern, had barely been emancipated from the academic approaches of orientalism. The appointment of Badawi as Oxford University's first lecturer in modern Arabic literature changed the face of this subject as Badawi showed, through his teaching and research, that Arabic literature was making vibrant contributions to global culture and thought. Part biography, part collection of critical essays, this book celebrates Badawi's immense contribution to the field and explores his role as a public intellectual in the Arab world and the west.

Being Numerous

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oren Izenberg
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
Literary Life ◽  
Aesthetic Politics ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Common ◽  
Century Poetry ◽  
Practical Question ◽  
Language Poets

This book offers a new way to understand the divisions that organize twentieth-century poetry. It argues that the most important conflict is not between styles or aesthetic politics, but between poets who seek to preserve or produce the incommensurable particularity of experience by making powerful objects, and poets whose radical commitment to abstract personhood seems altogether incompatible with experience—and with poems. Reading across the apparent gulf that separates traditional and avant-garde poets, the book reveals the common philosophical urgency that lies behind diverse forms of poetic difficulty—from William Butler Yeats's esoteric symbolism and George Oppen's minimalism and silence to Frank O'Hara's joyful slightness and the Language poets' rejection of traditional aesthetic satisfactions. For these poets, what begins as a practical question about the conduct of literary life—what distinguishes a poet or group of poets?—ends up as an ontological inquiry about social life: What is a person and how is a community possible? In the face of the violence and dislocation of the twentieth century, these poets resist their will to mastery, shy away from the sensual richness of their strongest work, and undermine the particularity of their imaginative and moral visions—all in an effort to allow personhood itself to emerge as an undeniable fact making an unrefusable claim.

Face detection in single and multiple images using different skin color models

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manpreet Kaur ◽  
Jasdev Bhatti ◽  
Mohit Kumar Kakkar ◽  
Arun Upmanyu
Keyword(s):  
Face Detection ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Input Image ◽  
Morphological Operations ◽  
Reliability Model ◽  
Multiple Images ◽  
Face Region ◽  
Bounding Box ◽  
The Face ◽  
Precision And Accuracy

Introduction: Face Detection is used in many different steams like video conferencing, human-computer interface, in face detection, and in the database management of image. Therefore, the aim of our paper is to apply Red Green Blue ( Methods: The morphological operations are performed in the face region to a number of pixels as the proposed parameter to check either an input image contains face region or not. Canny edge detection is also used to show the boundaries of a candidate face region, in the end, the face can be shown detected by using bounding box around the face. Results: The reliability model has also been proposed for detecting the faces in single and multiple images. The results of the experiments reflect that the algorithm been proposed performs very well in each model for detecting the faces in single and multiple images and the reliability model provides the best fit by analyzing the precision and accuracy. Moreover Discussion: The calculated results show that HSV model works best for single faced images whereas YCbCr and TSL models work best for multiple faced images. Also, the evaluated results by this paper provides the better testing strategies that helps to develop new techniques which leads to an increase in research effectiveness. Conclusion: The calculated value of all parameters is helpful for proving that the proposed algorithm has been performed very well in each model for detecting the face by using a bounding box around the face in single as well as multiple images. The precision and accuracy of all three models are analyzed through the reliability model. The comparison calculated in this paper reflects that HSV model works best for single faced images whereas YCbCr and TSL models work best for multiple faced images.

Filthy Material

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Forster
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
New Media ◽  
Twentieth Century Literature ◽  
Modernist Literature ◽  
Literary Value ◽  
Radclyffe Hall ◽  
Media Technologies ◽  
The Face ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Media

Modernist literature is inextricable from the history of obscenity. The trials of such figures as James Joyce, D. H. Lawrence, and Radclyffe Hall loom large in accounts of twentieth-century literature. Filthy Material: Modernism and the Media of Obscenity reveals the ways that debates about obscenity and literature were shaped by changes in the history of media. The emergence of film, photography, and new printing technologies shaped how “literary value” was understood, altering how obscenity was defined and which texts were considered obscene. Filthy Material rereads the history of modernist obscenity to discover the role played by technological media in debates about obscenity. The shift from the intense censorship of the early twentieth century to the effective “end of obscenity” for literature at the middle of the century was not simply a product of cultural liberalization but also of a changing media ecology. Filthy Material brings together media theory and archival research to offer a fresh account of modernist obscenity with novel readings of works of modernist literature. It sheds new light on figures at the center of modernism’s obscenity trials (such as Joyce and Lawrence), demonstrates the relevance of the discourse of obscenity to understanding figures not typically associated with obscenity debates (such as T. S. Eliot and Wyndham Lewis), and introduces new figures to our account of modernism (such as Norah James and Jack Kahane). It reveals how modernist obscenity reflected a contest over the literary in the face of new media technologies.

scholarly journals Adapting to Crisis: Accounting Information Systems during the Weimar Hyperinflation

2020 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 593-625
Author(s):  
Sebastian Hoffmann ◽  
Stephen P. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Information Systems ◽  
Human Resources ◽  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Accounting Information ◽  
Accounting Systems ◽  
Accounting Information Systems ◽  
The Face ◽  
Managerial Reporting

German corporations are characterized as having been adaptable in the face of numerous traumatizing events during the twentieth century. This article explores how firms adapted their accounting information systems during the hyperinflation of the 1920s. It suggests that responses to the crisis focused on system elements identified as key to continuing operations. Initially, firms amended selling and purchasing arrangements, modified financial reporting, and shifted managerial reporting to nonmonetary information. As inflation accelerated, human resources were diverted to maintaining critical functions, especially those related to remunerating labor. While some elements of accounting systems fell into disrepair, there were also examples of innovation.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document