T. E. S. Scholes: the unknown Pan Africanist

Race & Class ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-80
Author(s):  
Kim Blake
Keyword(s):  
Gold Coast ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Roll Call ◽  
Scientific Racism ◽  
British Imperialism ◽  
Black Intellectuals ◽  
Du Bois ◽  
Pan African ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Arthur Schomburg

In the roll call of the Pan African movement, the name of Theophilus Scholes is virtually unknown. Yet this one-time Baptist missionary, who was born in Jamaica and served briefly in the Congo and on the Gold Coast, became a trenchant and influential critic of late nineteenth-century British imperialism. His attacks on the notions of `scientific racism' were similarly authoritative and his works were read and admired by leading black intellectuals and activists of the day, including Arthur Schomburg, Pixley Seme and W. E. B. Du Bois.

Racial Duties: Toward a Pragmatist Ethic of Race in W. D. Howells's An Imperative Duty

2008 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-254
Author(s):  
Paul R. Petrie
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Narrative Form ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Scientific Racism ◽  
Philosophical Perspective ◽  
Social Morality ◽  
Critical Attention ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Ethical Critique

Abstract William Dean Howells's 1891 novel of interracial marriage, An Imperative Duty, has recently received increasing critical attention because of its saturation with the language of contemporary scientific racism and its complex and apparently inconsistent approach to questions of race and identity. The novel's other major conceptual concern with questions of moral duty, clearly announced in its title, has generally been neglected in this discussion. This essay examines the crucial interplay between questions of race and ethics, arguing that Howells's novel undertakes an ethical critique of late-nineteenth-century scientific racism from a specifically Pragmatist philosophical perspective. Reasoning according to Pragmatist principles, and pursuing an inherently Pragmatist narrative form, the novel implicitly asks its readers to understand the ““facts”” of race in terms of their intersections with personal and social morality rather than in strict accord with the essentialist claims of ascendant nineteenth-century race theory. In its refusal of ontological absolutism and its embrace of an ethically pluralist and instrumentalist approach to questions of race, Howells's novel offers a Pragmatist challenge to the interlocking absolutisms of traditional ethics and contemporary scientific racism.

John Sarbah, the elder, and African mercantile entrepreneurship in the Gold Coast in the late nineteenth Century

1973 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 653-679 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond E. Dumett
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
West Africa ◽  
Ivory Coast ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Gold Coast ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Commercial Development ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Historical Accounts ◽  
Distinguished Group

The trading career of John Sarbah of Ghana is illustrative of the activities of a distinguished group of independent African coastal merchants in the late nineteenth century, and an analysis of his business methods helps to cast light on the general problems and operations of mercantile entrepreneurship in West Africa. The rise of the African merchants was the result of an interaction between indigenous and external factors. It would be a mistake to exaggerate the importance of the coastal trading sector in the development of the total economy of the country in the late nineteenth century; but it would appear that the major African merchants, led by John Sarbah, F. C. Grant, J. W. Sey and others, played a larger part in commercial development, 1865 to about 1895, than is commonly recognized in historical accounts. Sarbah's entrepreneurship was mainfested in his ability to manage with competence a network of stores and trading stations, to extend the market for manufactured merchandise, to open up new sources for cash export, and to assess risks and invest capital in his firm's expanision. Of particular importance were Sarbah's efforts to stimulate the collection and processing of palm kernels, to help lay a groundwork for the development of the rubber trade in Asin and Lower Denkyera in the early 1880s, and to extend the orbit of his trading operations to the southeastern Ivory Coast.

scholarly journals Carpenter, Artisan, Architect; Status In Late Nineteenth Century Wellington

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 28-33
Author(s):  
Adrian Humphris ◽  
Geoff Mew
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Roll Call ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
A Minor ◽  
New Generation ◽  
The City

The distinction between a minor professional architect and a leading builder in Wellington was considerably more blurred in the late nineteenth century than it would be today. However, busy architects could make a lot of money and the term "architect" carried status that might open more doors than would be available to a mere builder.  Late nineteenth century Wellington is now apparently only represented by a handful of buildings by prominent architects. Most people automatically think of the CBD and names like Thomas Turnbull & Son, William Chatfield, Frederick de Jersey Clere, John Campbell and perhaps William Crichton. Clayton, Toxward and Tringham were dead or almost gone, and new generation architects were barely emerging. We contend, however, that this picture is an oversimplification and considerably more of 1890s Wellington remains, as does the evidence for a much longer roll-call of architects, some of whom practised on the fringes, both of the city and of their profession. The architects we discuss here did not generally design large, flamboyant buildings, nor did they cater for rich company clients. Many of the lesser-known architects were particularly susceptible to boom-bust cycles and were forced to seek other employment in lean times - hence their rapid arrivals and departures from the trade listings in the directories of these years

scholarly journals O crânio-celebridade: Antônio Conselheiro e o fracasso da degeneração racial | The infamous skull: Antônio Conselheiro and the failure of racial degeneration

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-68
Author(s):  
Isabela Fraga
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Scientific Racism ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Physical Evidence ◽  
Human Psyche ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Euclides Da Cunha ◽  
Perfectly Normal

ResumoEste ensaio examina a sobrevida textual de uma cabeça — a de Antônio Vicente Mendes Maciel, o Antônio Conselheiro (1830-1897), a partir de sua morte na Guerra de Canudos (1896-1897). Traçam-se as figurações do crânio de Conselheiro na imprensa brasileira do fim do século XIX e nos trabalhos do médico legista Raimundo Nina Rodrigues e do engenheiro e escritor Euclides da Cunha. Embora ambos esperassem que o crânio de Conselheiro apresentasse evidências físicas de degeneração racial, as observações craniométricas de Nina Rodrigues revelaram um crânio normal. Argumenta-se que esse fracasso da aproximação materialista à psique humana deu proeminência a explicações sociológicas para o fenômeno de Canudos, além de levantar questões sobre visibilidade, raça e racismo científico na virada do século XX e no mundo contemporâneo.Palavras-chave: Raça. Psiquiatria. Guerra de Canudos. Antropologia criminal. AbstractThis essay examines the textual afterlife of a head—that of Antônio Vicente Mendes Maciel (Antônio Conselheiro [1830-1897]), after his death in the Canudos War (1896-1897). It traces figurations of Conselheiro’s skull in the late nineteenth-century Brazilian press and in the works of Raimundo Nina Rodrigues and Euclides da Cunha. Although these two social scientists expected Conselheiro’s skull to display physical evidence of racial degeneration, Nina Rodrigues’s craniometric measurements and observations revealed a perfectly normal skull. It is argued that this failure of a materialist approach to the human psyche allowed a stronger reliance on sociological explanations for the Canudos phenomenon that opens up questions on scientific racism and the visibility of race in the turn of the twentieth century and in contemporary times.Keywords: Race. Psychiatry. Canudos War. Criminal Anthropology. 

British Expansion in Malaya, 1897–1902

1968 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ira Klein
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Military Power ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Indian Government ◽  
Forward Movement ◽  
British Imperialism ◽  
British Military ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Internal Affairs

Was British expansion in Malaya the unitary expression of an implacable imperialism, in which gradually but inexorably British economic and political enterprise gained indirect hegemony and then unequivocal rule; in which, by friendship and guile, power and diplomacy, Malay chiefs and populace were controlled, Siamese authority negated, and European rivals bested? There was at Whitehall a steady interest in the late nineteenth century by Salisbury, Balfour, Chamberlain and others in furthering British control in Malaya. But the strategy of expansion, ardently pushed by Straits Settlements officials during the period of ‘High Imperialism’ in the late nineteenth century was checked by other imperatives of British imperialism in Asia. The British were reluctant to take any step in Malaya which, by offending and weakening the Siamese, would encourage French expansion in eastern Siam. Further, the Indian Government, the trustee of British military power in Asia, was unwilling to commit large resources to Southeast Asia which might have been required to combat Russia on India's northwest threshold. These factors limited a British forward movement in Malaya. At times, however, British expansionary fervour did burst stridently upon Malays and Siamese. In 1902 the British wrested concessions from Siam which allowed the placement of British ‘advisers’ in Kelantan and Trengganu, and by which Siam abandoned all prerogatives of interfering with these states' internal affairs. This study is directed to comprehension of the strategy of British expansion in Malaya, particularly of British efforts to sequester control of economic concessions and privileges in Kelantan and Trengganu, and the significance of these manoeuvres in preparing for the transfer of Kelantan, Trengganu, Kedah and Perlis from Siam to Britain in March, 1909.

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