Evaluation of a Training Intervention to Improve Novice Drivers’ Hazard Mitigation When Approaching Left Turn Scenarios

2019 ◽  
Vol 2673 (12) ◽  
pp. 474-484
Author(s):  
Jeffrey W. Muttart ◽  
Swaroop Dinakar ◽  
Donald L. Fisher ◽  
Teena M. Garrison ◽  
Siby Samuel
Keyword(s):  
Video Game ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Hazard Mitigation ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Crash Risk ◽  
Novice Drivers ◽  
Left Turn ◽  
Street Sign ◽  
Teenage Drivers

Crash statistics reveal that newly licensed teenage drivers experience a higher risk of crashing than more experienced drivers, particularly when turning left across the path of approaching traffic. Research has also demonstrated that novice drivers exhibit poor hazard mitigation skills. The current study assesses the effectiveness of a training program aimed at improving novice drivers’ hazard mitigation and speed selection behaviors as both the through driver and turning driver in left turn across path scenarios. In this study, novice drivers were randomly assigned to one of two training cohorts: anticipation-control-terminate (ACT) or placebo. Phase 1 of ACT is a video game where drivers must select where to look, where they would steer, and when they would slow when observing the approach to known fatal crash risk scenarios. Placebo training involved reaction time tests and street sign definitions. In phase 2 the ACT-trained participants were shown where their choices were similar to, or different than, those of drivers aged 26 through 61who had not had crashed in the previous 10 years. In phase 3, ACT-trained drivers were compared with placebo-trained drivers at left turn scenarios both as through driver and turning driver, using a driving simulator. ACT-trained drivers were more likely to exhibit anticipatory glances and slowing behaviors, and were significantly less likely to crash than were placebo-trained drivers. The results indicate that ACT was effective as a countermeasure for training novice drivers to select better speed management strategies in the simulated scenarios utilized in this research.

Influence of Driving Experience on Distraction Engagement in Automated Vehicles

2019 ◽  
Vol 2673 (9) ◽  
pp. 142-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dengbo He ◽  
Birsen Donmez
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Task ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Task Engagement ◽  
Automated Vehicles ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Novice Drivers ◽  
Driving Experience ◽  
Driving Skill ◽  
The Difference

State-of-the-art vehicle automation requires drivers to visually monitor the driving environment and the automation (through interfaces and vehicle’s actions) and intervene when necessary. However, as evidenced by recent automated vehicle crashes and laboratory studies, drivers are not always able to step in when the automation fails. Research points to the increase in distraction or secondary-task engagement in the presence of automation as a potential reason. However, previous research on secondary-task engagement in automated vehicles mainly focused on experienced drivers. This issue may be amplified for novice drivers with less driving skill. In this paper, we compared secondary-task engagement behaviors of novice and experienced drivers both in manual (non-automated) and automated driving settings in a driving simulator. A self-paced visual-manual secondary task presented on an in-vehicle display was utilized. Phase 1 of the study included 32 drivers (16 novice) who drove the simulator manually. In Phase 2, another set of 32 drivers (16 novice) drove with SAE-level-2 automation. In manual driving, there were no differences between novice and experienced drivers’ rate of manual interactions with the secondary task (i.e., taps on the display). However, with automation, novice drivers had a higher manual interaction rate with the task than experienced drivers. Further, experienced drivers had shorter average glance durations toward the task than novice drivers in general, but the difference was larger with automation compared with manual driving. It appears that with automation, experienced drivers are more conservative in their secondary-task engagement behaviors compared with novice drivers.

Active traffic management strategies for expressways based on crash risk prediction of moving vehicle groups

2021 ◽  
Vol 163 ◽  
pp. 106421
Author(s):  
Wanjing Ma ◽  
Ziliang He ◽  
Ling Wang ◽  
Mohamed Abdel-Aty ◽  
Chunhui Yu
Keyword(s):  
Risk Prediction ◽  
Traffic Management ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Crash Risk ◽  
Moving Vehicle

scholarly journals A Behavioral Model of Drivers’ Mean Speed Influenced by Weather Conditions, Road Geometry, and Driver Characteristics Using a Driving Simulator Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Mehdi Zolali ◽  
Babak Mirbaha ◽  
Maziyar Layegh ◽  
Hamid Reza Behnood
Keyword(s):  
Latent Variables ◽  
Latent Variable ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Geometric Design ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Novice Drivers ◽  
Sight Distance ◽  
The Mean

Driving above the speed limit is one of the factors that significantly affect safety. Many studies examined the factors affecting the speed of vehicles in the simulated environment. The present study aimed to analyze drivers’ characteristics, time and weather conditions, and geometric features’ effect on mean speed in simulated conditions simultaneously. In this regard, the simulator experiment data of 70 drivers were collected in a two-lane rural highway at six different times, and weather scenarios and their socioeconomic characteristics were collected by a questionnaire. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to capture the complex relationships among related variables. Eleven variables were grouped into four latent variables in the structural model. Latent variables including “Novice Drivers,” “Experienced Drivers,” “Sight Distance,” and “Geometric Design” were defined and found significant on their mean speed. The results showed that “Novice Drivers” have a positive correlation with the mean speed. Meanwhile, “Experienced Drivers,” who drive 12% slower than the novice group, negatively affect the mean speed with a standard regression weight of −0.08. This relation means that young and novice drivers are more inclined to choose higher speeds. Among variables, the latent variable “Sight Distance” has the most significant effect on the mean speed. This model shows that foggy weather conditions strongly affect the speed selection behavior and reduce the mean speed by 40%. Nighttime also reduces mean speed due to poor visibility conditions. Furthermore, “Geometric design” as the latent variable indicates the presence of curves on the simulated road, and it can be concluded that the existence of a curve on the road encourages drivers to slow down, even young drivers. It is noteworthy that the parts of the simulated road with a horizontal curve act as a speed reduction tool for drivers.

Driving Home the Message

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Downs
Keyword(s):  
Video Game ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Cognitive Architecture ◽  
Distracted Driving ◽  
Driving Safety ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Comparison Results ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Game Console ◽  
Original Procedure

A pre-test, post-test experiment was conducted to determine if using a popular racing game on a PlayStation® 3 video game console could change a player's intent to drive distracted. Results indicated that those who were driving distracted (texting or talking) in a video game driving simulator had significantly more crashes, speed violations, and fog-line crossings than those in a non-distracted driving control group. These findings are consistent with predictions from the ACT-R cognitive architecture and threaded cognition theory. A follow-up study manipulated the original protocol by establishing a non-distracted baseline for participants' driving abilities as a comparison. Results demonstrated that this manipulation resulted in a significantly stronger change in attitude against driving distracted than in the original procedure. The implications help to inform driving safety programs on proper protocol for the use of game consoles to change attitudes toward distracted driving.

Safety of U-Turns at Unsignalized Median Openings

2005 ◽  
Vol 1912 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbert S. Levinson ◽  
Ingrid B. Potts ◽  
Douglas W. Harwood ◽  
Jerome Gluck ◽  
Darren J. Torbic
Keyword(s):  
Safety Concern ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Left Turn ◽  
Detailed Classification ◽  
Local Access ◽  
Accident Data ◽  
State And Local ◽  
Median Opening ◽  
Alternate Routes

Many state and local transportation agencies install nontraversable medians on multilane highways to improve safety and travel times and to manage local access better. While nontraversable medians restrict direct left-turn access to and from adjacent developments, traffic destined for these locations must use alternate routes, some of which may involve making U-turns at nearby median openings–-a movement often referred to as an indirect left turn. Until recently, the safety effects of increased U-turn volumes have been largely unknown. NCHRP Project 17–21, Safety of U-Turns at Unsignalized Median Openings, documented the safety performance and operational effects of U-turns at median openings. This paper presents the key findings from that research. It presents a summary of key literature and current highway agency practice related to median openings, a detailed classification scheme for median openings, and a summary of the results of comprehensive field studies. The research results indicate that access management strategies that increase U-turn volumes at unsignalized median openings can be used safely and effectively. Analysis of accident data found that accidents related to U-turn and left-turn maneuvers at unsignalized median openings occur infrequently. In urban arterial corridors, unsignalized median openings experienced an average of 0.41 U-turn-plus-left-turn accidents per median opening per year. In rural arterial corridors, unsignalized median openings experienced an average of 0.20 U-turn-plus-left-turn accidents per median opening per year. On the basis of these limited accident frequencies, there is no indication that U-turns at unsignalized median openings are a major safety concern.

Evaluation of augmented reality cues to improve the safety of left-turn maneuvers in a connected environment: A driving simulator study

2020 ◽  
Vol 148 ◽  
pp. 105793
Author(s):  
Alessandro Calvi ◽  
Fabrizio D’Amico ◽  
Chiara Ferrante ◽  
Luca Bianchini Ciampoli
Keyword(s):  
Augmented Reality ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Left Turn ◽  
Simulator Study

Examining Safety on Two-Lane and Multilane Highways in Consideration of Access Spacing

2019 ◽  
Vol 2673 (11) ◽  
pp. 388-397
Author(s):  
Raha Hamzeie ◽  
Megat-Usamah Megat-Johari ◽  
Iftin Thompson ◽  
Timothy P. Barrette ◽  
Trevor Kirsch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression ◽  
Access Point ◽  
Management Policy ◽  
Crash Risk ◽  
Access Management ◽  
Crash Data ◽  
Crash Rates

Access management strategies, such as the introduction of minimum access point spacing criteria and turning movement restrictions, have been shown to be important elements in optimizing the operational and safety performance of roadway segments. The relationship between safety and these types of access policies is a complex issue, and the impacts of such features on traffic crashes is critical to the development of appropriate access management strategies. The purpose of this study was to provide a quantitative evaluation of how crash risk on multilane and two-lane highways varies with respect to access spacing in support of the development of a revised access management policy. Data were obtained for approximately 1,247 and 5,795 mi of segments across multilane and two-lane highways, respectively. Crash data were obtained for a five-year period from 2012 to 2016 and a series of random effect negative binomial regression models were estimated for each facility to examine the association between crash frequency, access point spacing, and traffic volume. For both facility types, crashes were found to increase consistently as the average spacing of access points along road segments decreased. Crash rates were highest when consecutive accesses were within 150 ft of one another and the frequency of crashes decreased substantively as spacing was increased to 300 ft and, particularly, 600 ft. With spacing beyond 600 ft, crash rates continued to decrease, although these improvements were less pronounced than at the lower range of values. These findings were generally consistent on multilane and two-lane highways.

scholarly journals Cannabis-impaired driving and Canadian youth

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S21-S25
Author(s):  
Jeff R Brubacher ◽  
Herbert Chan ◽  
John A Staples
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Motor Vehicle Crash ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Crash Risk ◽  
Delayed Information ◽  
Canadian Youth ◽  
Vehicle Collision ◽  
Significant Impairment

Abstract Acute cannabis use results in inattention, delayed information processing, impaired coordination, and slowed reaction time. Driving simulator studies and epidemiologic analyses suggest that cannabis use increases motor vehicle crash risk. How much concern should we have regarding cannabis associated motor vehicle collision risks among younger drivers? This article summarizes why young, inexperienced drivers may be at a particularly high risk of crashing after using cannabis. We describe the epidemiology of cannabis use among younger drivers, why combining cannabis with alcohol causes significant impairment and why cannabis edibles may pose a heightened risk to traffic safety. We provide recommendations for clinicians counselling younger drivers about cannabis use and driving.

scholarly journals House of risk approach for assessing supply chain risk management strategies: A case study in Crumb Rubber Company Ltd

2018 ◽  
Vol 154 ◽  
pp. 01097 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taufiq Immawan ◽  
Dea Kusuma Putri
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Crumb Rubber ◽  
Supply Chain Risk Management ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Risk Management Strategies ◽  
Risk Approach ◽  
Risk Handling

Risk is an uncertain and can have both negative and positive impacts. If the risks have a negative impact then a company will incur losses. CRUMB RUBBER COMPANY LTD is one of crumb rubber company in West Kalimantan. The length of the supply chain contained in CRUMB RUBBER COMPANY LTD and the high dependence on suppliers leads to vulnerability. So the purpose of this research is to identify the risk and determine the priority of source of risk along with the priority of handling it on CRUMB RUBBER COMPANY LTD supply chain with House of Risk approach. House of risk approach consists of two phases. Phase 1 is used to determine the dominant risk agent and phase 2 determines the effective action to deal with the dominant risk agent. From the research results, there are 19 risk events and 29 risk agents identified. The result of house of risk in phase 1 is known that 13 of 28 risk agents are dominant risk agent. Then the priority handling strategy in house of risk in phase 2, in this phase obtained 18 priority risk handling strategies.

scholarly journals Track Behavior and Crash Risk Analysis of Passenger Cars on Hairpin Curves of Two-Lane Mountain Roads

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Zhigang Yu ◽  
Ying Chen ◽  
Xiaobo Zhang ◽  
Jin Xu
Keyword(s):  
Crash Risk ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Left Turn ◽  
The Road ◽  
Dangerous Driving ◽  
Road Crash ◽  
Driving Conditions ◽  
The Right ◽  
Cutting Point ◽  
Right Turns

Hairpin curves are often employed in alignment layout and an important feature that identifies dangerous driving conditions for mountain roads. However, driving behaviors at hairpin curves remain ambiguous. Field driving tests were conducted in this study on one two-lane mountain road with 11 hairpin curves. Vehicle-mounted equipment was utilized to collect track and lateral distance between the wheels and the lane markings under naturally driving conditions. Track morphology and patterns, risks, and road crash mechanisms were analyzed. The main findings are as follows. Curve cutting was a typical method for negotiating hairpin curves, was observed for left and right turns, and can be classified into three types based on the location of the cutting point, namely, cutting at curve entry, cutting at curve middle, and cutting at curve exit. Based on the lateral positional relationships between tracks and lane markings, six track patterns are determined for left turns and four track patterns for right turns. When passing a right turn by cutting the curve, a driver occupied the right shoulder of the turn; therefore, there is a risk of colliding with the mountain or the guardrail. When making a left turn into hairpin curves, a driver occupied the right shoulder on curve exit, resulting in running off the road or colliding with the guardrail. More than 70% and 60% of drivers occupied the opposite lane when turning right and turning left, respectively, into a hairpin turn, which led to intertwining between the tracks in the two driving directions and therefore a risk of potential collisions.

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