scholarly journals The Impact of New-Product R&D on the Circular Flow

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-59
Author(s):  
James E. McClure ◽  
David Chandler Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Open System ◽  
Closed System ◽  
Flow Model ◽  
New Product ◽  
Flow Models ◽  
Circular Flow ◽  
Product And Process ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Jel Classifications

Closed-system circular flow models have been ubiquitous in economics for at least half a century. Because these models account for neither new-product R&D, nor the attendant leakages and injections, they obscure understanding of (a) the distinction between new-product and process R&D, (b) the circular flow leakages and injections attending new-product R&D, and (c) Schumpeterian “creative destruction” and “swarming.” To shed light upon these matters, we present an open-system circular flow model and a price theoretic explanation of the swarming overinvestment that characterizes business cycle downturns. JEL Classifications: B20, O31, E30

Impact of flavours, device, nicotine levels and price on adult e-cigarette users’ tobacco and nicotine product choices

2021 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2021-056599
Author(s):  
Yong Yang ◽  
Eric N. Lindblom ◽  
Ramzi G. Salloum ◽  
Kenneth D. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Open System ◽  
Closed System ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Discrete Choice Experiments ◽  
User Characteristics ◽  
Product Attributes ◽  
Product Choices ◽  
Nicotine Level ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact

IntroductionTo understand the impact of e-cigarette devices, flavours, nicotine levels and prices on adult e-cigarette users’ choices among closed-system and open-system e-cigarettes, cigarettes and heated tobacco products (HTPs).MethodsOnline discrete choice experiments were conducted among adult (≥18 years) e-cigarette users (n=2642) in August 2020. Conditional logit regressions were used to assess the relative impact of product attributes and the interactions between product attributes and user characteristics, with stratified analyses to examine differences by smoking status and primarily used e-cigarette device and flavour.ResultsOn average, participants preferred non-tobacco and non-menthol flavours most, preferred open-system over closed-system e-cigarettes and preferred regular nicotine level over low nicotine level. However, the preference varied by demographics, smoking status and the primarily used e-cigarette device and flavour. The differences in preference among products/devices were larger than the difference among flavours or nicotine levels. Participants who primarily used closed-system e-cigarettes exhibited similar preferences for closed-system and open-system e-cigarettes, but those who primarily used open-system e-cigarettes preferred much more open-system over closed-system e-cigarettes. HTP was the least preferred product, much lower than cigarettes in general, but participants living in states where IQOS is being sold had similar preferences to cigarettes and HTPs.ConclusionsPeople are unlikely to switch to another product/device because of the restriction of flavour or nicotine level. If non-tobacco and non-menthol flavours were banned from open-system e-cigarettes, users may switch to menthol flavour e-cigarettes. Intervention strategies should be tailored to specific groups.

Pre- to syn-folding closed paleofluid system conditions and their opening in late- to post-folding structural evolution: the case of Urgonian platform carbonates folded in the Parmelan anticline, Bornes Massif, external Western Alps

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luigi Berio ◽  
Silvia Mittempergher ◽  
Fabrizio Storti ◽  
Fabrizio Balsamo ◽  
Stefano M. Bernasconi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Open System ◽  
Closed System ◽  
Fluid Migration ◽  
Fold Axis ◽  
Isotopic Data ◽  
Element Geochemistry ◽  
Secondary Porosity ◽  
Rock Interaction ◽  
Thrust Belts ◽  
The Impact

<p>Fluid systems in fold-thrust belts typically evolve from hydrologically closed to open, as a consequence of the incremental development of brittle deformation. The spatial distribution of fold-related fractures depends, among other factors, on the kinematics of folding and on the presence of inherited pre-folding structures. An improved understanding of the impact of the incremental evolution of deformation patterns on fluid migration and accumulation is crucial for industrial purposes. Here, we discuss the evolution of the fluid-rock system of the Parmelan anticline, in the Dauphinois units of the northern Subalpine Chains (Bornes Massif). We combined a detailed structural analysis in the Lower Cretaceous units (e.g. Urgonian Limestones) with the study of syn-tectonic calcite cements, by coupling stable and clumped isotope analysis with trace and major element geochemistry, radiogenic Sr isotopic data, and fluid inclusion microthermometry. The older calcite cements associated with the pre-folding structural assemblages precipitated from an <sup>18</sup>O-enriched fluid at temperatures between 90 and 115 °C. This first fluid type was thermally equilibrated with the host rock under maximum burial conditions in the Alpine Foreland and its isotopic composition has been interpreted to reflect a high degree of fluid-rock interaction in a closed system. Trace and major elements and Sr isotopes support a mixed meteoric-marine origin of this fluid, possibly trapped during subaerial platform exposure in the forebulge and then mixed with Eocene seawater. Closed system and rock-buffered conditions persisted during incipient folding whereas, during late folding, longitudinal (i.e. axial parallel) deformation structures allowed fluid circulation in an open system. Open system conditions initially occurred only in crest-limb transitional domains characterized by an higher deformation intensity. By contrast, during post-folding transpression,  the formation of a persistent vein set oblique to fold axis allowed external fluids to migrate in the anticline crest. Younger calcite cements precipitated from moderately warm (55-66 °C) <sup>18</sup>O-depleted meteoric fluids during the late- to post-folding stages. Our compositional and Sr isotopic data exclude any contribution from basement-derived ascending fluids and rule out a possible downward circulation of these meteoric fluids at basement depths. Our results indicate that, in regional anticlines of shallow crustal sectors in foreland fold-thrust belts, a significant amount of secondary porosity can be produced in the pre-folding stages when the hydromechanical stratigraphy likely preserves closed conditions and regional stratigraphic seals can prevent upward fluid migration during the entire tectonic evolution.</p>

Did Wine Consumption Change During the COVID-19 Lockdown in France, Italy, Spain, and Portugal?

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magalie Dubois ◽  
Lara Agnoli ◽  
Jean-Marie Cardebat ◽  
Raúl Compés ◽  
Benoit Faye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Drinking Behavior ◽  
Wine Consumption ◽  
Ordered Logit Model ◽  
Consumption Frequency ◽  
Consumption Change ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Jel Classifications ◽  
Better Than

AbstractThis article documents how the COVID-19 crisis has affected the drinking behavior of Latin European wine consumers. Using a large online survey conducted during the first lockdown in France, Italy, Portugal, and Spain (n = 7,324 individuals), we reconstruct the purchasing and consumption patterns of the respondents. The number of people who maintained their wine consumption frequency is significantly higher than those who increased or decreased their consumption. Wine consumption frequency held up better than other types of alcohol (beer and spirits). We analyze heterogeneities among countries and individuals by employing the Marascuilo procedure and an ordered logit model. The latter identifies the impact of demographic, commercial, and psychosocial factors on wine consumption frequency. The results shed light on changes in wine consumer behavior during the first lockdown and consider possible post-lockdown trends that could be useful to industry players. (JEL Classifications: D5, L66, Q1)

scholarly journals The influence of pyrolysis type on shale oil generation and its composition (upper layer of Aleksinac oil shale, Serbia)

2017 ◽  
Vol 82 (12) ◽  
pp. 1461-1477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordana Gajica ◽  
Aleksandra Sajnovic ◽  
Ksenija Stojanovic ◽  
Milan Antonijevic ◽  
Nikoleta Aleksic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Source Rock ◽  
Open System ◽  
Closed System ◽  
Oil Shale ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Shale Oil ◽  
Kerogen Type ◽  
Oil Generation ◽  
Rock Eval ◽  
The Impact

The influence of pyrolysis type on the shale oil generation and its composition was studied. Different methods such as Rock-Eval pyrolysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and pyrolysis in the open and closed systems were applied. Samples from the Upper layer of Aleksinac oil shale (Serbia) were used as a substrate and first time characterized in detail. The impact of kerogen content and type on the shale oil generation in different pyrolysis systems was also estimated. Majority of the analysed samples have total organic carbon content > 5 wt. % and contain oil prone kerogen types I and/or II. Therefore, they can be of particular interest for the pyrolytic processing. The thermal behaviour of analysed samples obtained by TGA is in agreement with Rock-Eval parameters. The pyrolysis of oil shale in the open system gives higher yield of shale oil than the pyrolysis in the closed system. The yield of hydrocarbons (HCs) in shale oil produced by the open pyrolysis system corresponds to an excellent source rock potential, while HCs yield from the closed system indicates a very good source rock potential. The kerogen content has a greater impact on the shale oil generation than kerogen type in the open pyrolysis system, while kerogen type plays a more important role on the generation of shale oil than the kerogen content in the closed system. The composition of the obtained shale oil showed certain undesirable features, due to the relatively high contents of olefinic HCs (open system) and polar compounds (closed system), which may require further treatment to be used.

Mathematical modelling of salt purification by recrystallization. A cross-current flow model and its comparison with the countercurrent arrangement

1986 ◽  
Vol 51 (11) ◽  
pp. 2489-2501
Author(s):  
Benitto Mayrhofer ◽  
Jana Mayrhoferová ◽  
Lubomír Neužil ◽  
Jaroslav Nývlt
Keyword(s):  
Flow Model ◽  
Current Flow ◽  
Countercurrent Flow ◽  
Flow Models ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Stage Crystallization ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Current Flows ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Cross Current

A model is derived for a multi-stage crystallization with cross-current flows of the solution and the crystals being purified. The purity of the product is compared with that achieved in the countercurrent arrangement. A suitable function has been set up which allows the cross-current and countercurrent flow models to be compared and reduces substantially the labour of computation for the countercurrent arrangement. Using the recrystallization of KAl(SO4)2.12 H2O as an example, it is shown that, when the cross-current and countercurrent processes are operated at the same output, the countercurrent arrangement is more advantageous because its solvent consumption is lower.

It Is More Than Language

2020 ◽  
pp. 79-98
Author(s):  
Dianne Toe ◽  
Louise Paatsch ◽  
Amy Szarkowski
Keyword(s):  
Specific Area ◽  
Cooperative Interaction ◽  
Social And Emotional Development ◽  
Children And Young People ◽  
Social And Emotional ◽  
The Social ◽  
Pragmatic Skills ◽  
Social Use ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Shed Light

Deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) children who use spoken language face unique challenges when communicating with others who have typical hearing, particularly their peers. In such contexts, the social use of language has been recognized as an area of vulnerability among individuals in this population and has become a focus for research and intervention. The development of pragmatic skills intersects with many aspects of child development, including emotional intelligence and executive function, as well as social and emotional development. While all these areas are important, they are beyond the scope of this chapter, which highlights the impact of pragmatics on the specific area of cognition. Cognitive pragmatics is broadly defined as the study of the mental processes involved in the understanding of meaning in the context of a cooperative interaction. This chapter explores how DHH children and young people construe meaning in the context of conversations and expository interactions with their peers. The chapter aims to examine the role played by the cognitive processes of making inferences and comprehending implicature, within the overall display of pragmatic skills. Further, the authors use this lens in the analysis of interactions between DHH children and their peers in order to shed light on the development of pragmatic skills in children who are DHH.

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