Toxicity of the Atmosphere in an Upstairs Room Caused by Inflow of Fire Effluent Gases Rising from a Burn Room

Fire experiments were repeatedly conducted in a fire-resistant 2-story house to investigate the toxicity of atmosphere in its second floor room, using one of the first floor rooms as a burn room, which was fully equipped with construction materials and house contents. In each fire experiment only the size of the opening of the doorway to the second floor room was varied. The tox icity was found to become sufficiently high to cause death to rabbits exposed to cooled gases taken from any location in the second floor room, even when the doorway to the second floor room was almost completely closed. Major toxicants were limited to CO and HCN, as in our earlier study [1]. Although the blood cyanide level was always below 2.0 μg/mL, HCN must have had an important role in causing death to the rabbits, because the COHb level mostly remained below 50%.

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Methods for Prediction of Temperature Distribution in Flashover Caused by Backdraft Fire

Mathematical Problems in Engineering ◽

10.1155/2014/707423 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Guowei Zhang ◽

Guoqing Zhu ◽

Guanglin Yuan ◽

Lili Huang

Keyword(s):

Temperature Distribution ◽

Temperature Curve ◽

Peak Temperature ◽

Office Building ◽

Temperature Peak ◽

Experiment Data ◽

Building Process ◽

Fire Experiment ◽

Fire Experiments ◽

Peak Value

Accurately predicting temperature distribution in flashover fire is a key issue for evacuation and fire-fighting. Now many good flashover fire experiments have be conducted, but most of these experiments are proceeded in enclosure with fixed openings; researches on fire development and temperature distribution in flashover caused by backdraft fire did not receive enough attention. In order to study flashover phenomenon caused by backdraft fire, a full-scale fire experiment was conducted in one abandoned office building. Process of fire development and temperature distribution in room and corridor were separately recorded during the experiment. The experiment shows that fire development in enclosure is closely affected by the room ventilation. Unlike existing temperature curves which have only one temperature peak, temperature in flashover caused by backdraft may have more than one peak value and that there is a linear relationship between maximum peak temperature and distance away from fire compartment. Based on BFD curve and experimental data, mathematical models are proposed to predict temperature curve in flashover fire caused by backdraft at last. These conclusions and experiment data obtained in this paper could provide valuable reference to fire simulation, hazard assessment, and fire protection design.

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Experimental Study on the Sodium Spray Fire

Volume 2: Plant Systems, Construction, Structures and Components; Next Generation Reactors and Advanced Reactors ◽

10.1115/icone21-16237 ◽

2013 ◽

Author(s):

Haiou Du ◽

Chen Liu ◽

Rongdong Wang ◽

Wenjun Hu

Keyword(s):

Combustion Zone ◽

Data Acquisition System ◽

Experimental Results ◽

Spray Combustion ◽

Pressure Curve ◽

Pressure Transducers ◽

Fire Experiment ◽

Design Basis Accident ◽

Experimental Pressure ◽

Fire Experiments

Sodium fire is a design basis accident of sodium-cooled fast reactor. Sodium spray fire experiments were conducted in enclosed cell in this study to understand the sodium spray fire status and how to have an influence on the plant under realistic sodium spray. The process of spray fire experiment was described in the paper. Pressure transducers and thermocouples can be mounted on the room to record pressures and temperatures, respectively. Control and data acquisition system were designed to record most of data for the various instruments. Three experimental results showed realistic sodium spray combustion is mainly in the form of column fire burning. The rise of temperature is drastic on combustion zone. The highest temperature was observed during the sodium spray burning. The experimental results of pressure and temperature were compared to calculation values based on FEUMIX program. It was found the theoretical temperature on 10% sodium atomization of FEUMIX program is coincident with the experimental results of sodium fire burning at over 1500mm combustion zone at time 200 seconds. However, the experimental pressure curve has distinct from theoretical calculation value using FEUMIX program. The results can as a reference to analyze spray sodium fire combustion to help for nuclear safety analysis.

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Characteristics of Particles Emitted from Waste Fires—A Construction Materials Case Study

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma15010152 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 152

Author(s):

Jan Stefan Bihałowicz ◽

Wioletta Rogula-Kozłowska ◽

Adam Krasuski ◽

Małgorzata Majder-Łopatka ◽

Agata Walczak ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Construction Materials ◽

Normal Distributions ◽

Location Parameters ◽

Median Volume ◽

Materials Used ◽

Log Normal ◽

In Fire ◽

Fire Experiments

This study aimed to determine the relative densities of populations of particles emitted in fire experiments of selected materials through direct measurement and parametrization of size distribution as number (NSD), volume (VSD), and mass (MSD). As objects of investigation, four typical materials used in construction and furniture were chosen: pinewood (PINE), laminated particle board (LPB), polyurethane (PUR), and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The NSD and VSD were measured using an electric low-pressure impactor, while MSD was measured by weighing filters from the impactor using a microbalance. The parametrization of distributions was made assuming that each distribution can be expressed as the sum of an arbitrary number of log-normal distributions. In all materials, except PINE, the distributions of the particles emitted in fire experiments were the sum of two log-normal distributions; in PINE, the distribution was accounted for by only one log-normal distribution. The parametrization facilitated the determination of volume and mass abundances, and therefore, the relative density. The VSDs of particles generated in PINE, LPB, and PUR fires have similar location parameters, with a median volume diameter of 0.2–0.3 µm, whereas that of particles generated during PMMA burning is 0.7 µm. To validate the presented method, we burned samples made of the four materials in similar proportions and compared the measured VSD with the VSD predicted based on the weighted sum of VSD of raw materials. The measured VSD shifted toward smaller diameters than the predicted ones due to thermal decomposition at higher temperatures.

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Corrosion monitoring and root cause identification in high solids concentrators

TAPPI Journal ◽

10.32964/tj15.7.467 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 15 (7) ◽

pp. 467-477

Author(s):

PASI NIEMELAINEN ◽

MARTTI PULLIAINEN ◽

JARMO KAHALA ◽

SAMPO LUUKKAINEN

Keyword(s):

Paper Industry ◽

Black Liquor ◽

Construction Materials ◽

Open Circuit ◽

Process Conditions ◽

Potential Range ◽

Corrosion Monitoring ◽

General Corrosion ◽

High Solids ◽

Passive Area

Black liquor high solids (about 80%) concentrators have often been found to suffer from aggressive corrosion. In particular, the first and second effect bodies are susceptible to corrosion attacks resulting in tube leaks and wall thinning, which limit the availability and lifetime of evaporator lines. Corrosion dynamics and construction materials have been studied extensively within the pulp and paper industry to understand the corrosion process. However, it has been challenging to identify root causes for corrosion, which has limited proactive measures to minimize corrosion damage. Corrosion of the first phase concentrator was studied by defining the potential regions for passive area, stress corrosion cracking, pitting corrosion, and general corrosion. This was achieved by using a technique called polarization scan that reveals ranges for the passive area in which the equipment is naturally protected against corrosion. The open circuit potential, also known as corrosion potential, and linear polarization resistance of the metal were monitored online, which allowed for definition of corrosion risks for stainless steel 304L and duplex stainless steels 2205 and SAF 2906. An online temperature measurement added insight to the analysis. A process diagnostics tool was used to identify root causes of the corrosion attacks. Many of the root causes were related to process conditions triggering corrosion. Once the metal surface was activated, it was difficult to repassivate the metal naturally unless a sufficient potential range was reached.

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Housing Inflation: Policy Guidelines from Shariah Perspective

The Journal of Muamalat and Islamic Finance Research ◽

10.33102/jmifr.v16i1.209 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 70-81

Author(s):

Azrul Azlan Iskandar Mirza ◽

Asmaddy Haris ◽

Ainulashikin Marzuki ◽

Ummi Salwa Ahmad Bustamam ◽

Hamdi Hakiem Mudasir ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Content Analysis ◽

Housing Prices ◽

Construction Materials ◽

Housing Price ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Control Element ◽

Recent Issue ◽

Analysis Methodology ◽

The Government ◽

Developing And Developed Countries

The soaring housing prices in Malaysia is not a recent issue. It is a global phenomenon especially in developing and developed countries, driven by factors including land price, location, construction materials cost, demand, and speculation. This issue demands immediate attention as it affects the younger generation, most of whom could not afford to buy their own house. The government has taken many initiatives and introduced regulations to ensure that housing prices are within the affordable range. This article aims to introduce a housing price control element from the Shariah perspective, as an alternative solution for all parties involved in this issue. It adopts content analysis methodology on policy from Shariah approved sources.

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CREDO RADON UA – INFORMATION MODEL FOR CALCULATION OF ROAD CONSTRACTION

Avtoshliakhovyk Ukrayiny ◽

10.33868/0365-8392-2019-3-259-34-42 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 34-42

Author(s):

Volodymyr Karedin ◽

Nadiya Pavlenko

Keyword(s):

Design Process ◽

Static Loading ◽

Computer Aided Design ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Construction Materials ◽

Residual Deformation ◽

Road Construction ◽

Information Support ◽

Existing Structures ◽

Road Pavement

CREDO RADON UA software provides an automated calculation of the strength of the pavement structures of non-rigid and rigid types, as well as the calculation of the strengthening of existing structures. In the article, one can see the main features and functionality of the CREDO RADON UA software, the main points in the calculations according to the new regulations. Information support of the design process includes necessary databases, informational and helping materials that make up the full support of the pavement design process. The concept of CREDO RADON UA 1.0 software is made on the use of elasticity theory methods in calculations of initial information models of pavements. Performing optimization calculations, the roadwear in CREDO RADON UA is designed in such a way that no unacceptable residual deformation occurs under the influence of short-term dynamic or static loading in the working layer of the earth bed and in the structural layers during the lifetime of the structure. The calculation algorithms were made in accordance with the current regulatory documents of Ukraine. CREDO RADON UA software allows user to create information bases on road construction materials and vehicles as part of the traffic flow for calculations. The presented system of automated modeling makes it easier for the customer to control the quality of design solutions, to reasonably assign designs to layers of reinforcement, to quickly make comparisons of calculations of different designs for the optimal use of allocated funds. Prospects for further improvement of the program should be the results of theoretical and experimental studies on filling the databases, which are used as information support for automated design of road structures. Keywords: CREDO RADON UA, road, computer-aided design, repair project, road pavement, strengthening, construction, rigid pavement, elasticity module, a transport stream, calculation method, information support, dynamic or static loading.

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