scholarly journals Characteristics of Particles Emitted from Waste Fires—A Construction Materials Case Study

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 152
Author(s):  
Jan Stefan Bihałowicz ◽  
Wioletta Rogula-Kozłowska ◽  
Adam Krasuski ◽  
Małgorzata Majder-Łopatka ◽  
Agata Walczak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Normal Distributions ◽  
Location Parameters ◽  
Median Volume ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Log Normal ◽  
In Fire ◽  
Fire Experiments

This study aimed to determine the relative densities of populations of particles emitted in fire experiments of selected materials through direct measurement and parametrization of size distribution as number (NSD), volume (VSD), and mass (MSD). As objects of investigation, four typical materials used in construction and furniture were chosen: pinewood (PINE), laminated particle board (LPB), polyurethane (PUR), and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The NSD and VSD were measured using an electric low-pressure impactor, while MSD was measured by weighing filters from the impactor using a microbalance. The parametrization of distributions was made assuming that each distribution can be expressed as the sum of an arbitrary number of log-normal distributions. In all materials, except PINE, the distributions of the particles emitted in fire experiments were the sum of two log-normal distributions; in PINE, the distribution was accounted for by only one log-normal distribution. The parametrization facilitated the determination of volume and mass abundances, and therefore, the relative density. The VSDs of particles generated in PINE, LPB, and PUR fires have similar location parameters, with a median volume diameter of 0.2–0.3 µm, whereas that of particles generated during PMMA burning is 0.7 µm. To validate the presented method, we burned samples made of the four materials in similar proportions and compared the measured VSD with the VSD predicted based on the weighted sum of VSD of raw materials. The measured VSD shifted toward smaller diameters than the predicted ones due to thermal decomposition at higher temperatures.

Influence of the Position of Ignition Source on the Raw Materials Used to Produce Biofuel in Form of Wood Pellets

2014 ◽  
Vol 693 ◽  
pp. 335-339
Author(s):  
Jozef Horváth ◽  
Karol Balog ◽  
Tomáš Chrebet
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Beech Wood ◽  
Ignition Source ◽  
Wood Pellets ◽  
Hot Air ◽  
Spruce Wood ◽  
Loss Of Weight ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Picea Excelsa

The aim of present work is monitoring thermal decomposition tested samples depending on distance of ignition source, subsequent generation of flame and flameless combustion. Tested samples are used to produce biofuel in form of pellets, which can be made of spruce wood (Picea excelsa, L.) and beech wood (Fagus sylvatica) and have a direct effect on the properties of these pellets. Measurements are carried out according to standard STN ISO 871:2010 Determination of ignition temperature using a hot-air furnace. External ignition source (electrically heated spiral of the wire canthal) is used to analyze different conditions of test samples. Distance between external ignition source and tested samples is 10, 50 and 90 mm. The experiments are performed at an air flow rate 38, 25, 12,5 and 0 mm.s-1. The results show the rate of loss of weight and the flow rates of the material of the test samples at the different test conditions.

Comparison of Mechanical Properties of Fly Ash Artificial Geopolymer Aggregates with Natural Aggregate

2015 ◽  
Vol 754-755 ◽  
pp. 290-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alida Abdullah ◽  
Ku Amirrul Rahman Ku Yin ◽  
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah ◽  
Kamarudin Hussin ◽  
Mien Van Tran
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Fly Ash ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
High Water ◽  
Natural Aggregate ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
The Impact

This study was conducted to compare the mechanical properties of fly ash artificial geopolymer aggregates with natural aggregate (rock) in term of its impact strength, specific gravity and water absorption.The raw materials used were fly ash, sodium hydroxide, sodium silicate and natural aggregate. After the artificial geopolymer aggregate has been produced, its water absorption, specific gravity and aggregate impact test has been done. All results obtained were compared to natural aggregate. The result shows that the fly ash geopolymer aggregate are lighter than natural aggregate in term of its specific gravity. The impact value for fly ash artificial geopolymer aggregate slightly high compared to natural aggregate while it has high water absorption value compared to natural aggregate. As conclusion, the fly ash artificial geopolymer aggregate can be used as one of the construction materials in concrete as an alternative for coarse aggregate besides natural aggregate with more lightweight properties.

Gas-Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Volatile Phenols in Matured Distilled Alcoholic Beverages

1983 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-70
Author(s):  
Matti Lehtonen
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Chromatographic Determination ◽  
Alcoholic Beverages ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Discriminant Functions ◽  
Volatile Phenols ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic Determination ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic

Abstract Volatile phenols in matured spirits were determined by gas-liquid chromatography as their 2,4-dinitrophenyl derivatives. Phenol, o-cresol, m-cresol, p-cresol, guaiacol, p-ethylphenol, p-ethylguaiacol, eugenol, and p-(n-propyl)guaiacol, which occurs only in dark rum, were studied at concentrations ranging from 0 to 2 ppm depending on the phenol and the beverage. Scotch, Spanish, and Japanese whiskies, unlike other whiskies examined, contained o-, m-, and p-cresols. Cresols occur in whiskies as a consequence of the raw materials used, in particular peated malt. The level of p-ethylguaiacol is usually somewhat higher in cognac and other brandies than in whiskies. Dark rums differ from the other spirits examined in containing p-(n-propyl)guaiacol, and, typically, higher levels of p-ethylphenol, p-ethylguaiacol, and eugenol. These phenols also occur in higher quantities in some white rums than in whiskies and brandies. Two discriminant functions were obtained by discriminant analysis, which did not, however, allow the spirits to be classified adequately into their respective groups. By using these functions, 82% of the whiskies, 57% of the brandies, and 50% of the rums were correctly grouped.

FTIR spectroscopy for determination of the raw materials used in wood pellet production

Fuel ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 313 ◽  
pp. 123017
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Toscano ◽  
Vittorio Maceratesi ◽  
Elena Leoni ◽  
Pierluigi Stipa ◽  
Emiliano Laudadio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ftir Spectroscopy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Wood Pellet ◽  
Pellet Production ◽  
Materials Used

AMERICAN EXPERIENCE AND PROBLEMS OF THE TAXATION OF SMALL BUSINESS

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergey Kaledin ◽  
Ekaterina Shestakova
Keyword(s):  
Small Business ◽  
Inventory Management ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
The United States ◽  
Optimal Order ◽  
Accounting System ◽  
American Experience ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Materials Used

Development of small business in the USA can be connected with a number of the reasons among which it is possible to call as the features of historical character connected with emergence and development of the United States and the reasons of tax character. So, in each state privileges on taxes which allow to organize in the best way by use of tax planning business can be established. It is represented that the institutionalism is indissoluble with the taxation as in the taxation there are institutes, customs, for example, regarding check of conscientiousness of the taxpayer, use of the special tax treatments and the habits, so at many businessmen and the companies became a habit earlier to pay taxes, to form an overpayment on taxes for the purpose of decrease in risks of additional accrual of penalties, others opposite, created a habit of a conclusion of the capitals abroad to low-tax territories for the purpose of decrease in the tax load. One of the topical problems is the problem of choosing the optimal structure of capital, i.e. determination of the ratio of own and long-term borrowed funds. Production reserves in the Russian accounting system are either goods purchased for later sale, or raw materials used for production. For a financial manager, stocks are immobilized funds, i.e. funds withdrawn from circulation. Without such an immobilization is indispensable, however, indirect losses should be minimized. To minimize the costs of maintaining current stocks at the proper level, the approach based on the concept of the optimal order (delivery) order is used. In the theory of inventory management, special models have been developed to determine the volume of one order lot and the frequency of orders.

scholarly journals Comparison of Methodologies for Acid Buffering Capacity Determination—Empirical Verification of Models

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 2345
Author(s):  
Patryk Król ◽  
Piotr Borysiuk ◽  
Mariusz Mamiński
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Bond Line ◽  
Buffering Capacity ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Optimal Amount ◽  
Acid Buffering ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Different Origins

Raw materials used in particleboard production may have different chemical properties as they have different origins, nature, and storage histories. One of the most important factors is the acidity of the wood which affects the process of bond line formation. Thus, determination of the acid buffering capacity (ABC) of a raw material helps to adjust the optimal amount of hardener in the adhesive. In the present study, three methods for pH-metric ABC determination in the presence of lignocellulosic material were compared. Models that correlate the hardener amount with the internal bonding of particleboards were built from the ABC results. The approach was tested on three materials of different acidity—pine, oak, and ammonia-treated oak. The developed models allowed the prediction of the optimal amount of hardener for the maximized internal bond of the boards. The experimental verification of the models showed a high convergence of the calculated and empirical results.

Determination of zinc in cassava based polymeric materials

2021 ◽  
pp. 089270572110138
Author(s):  
Rada-Mendoza Maite ◽  
Chito-Trujillo Diana ◽  
Hoyos-Saavedra Olga Lucía ◽  
Arciniegas-Herrera Jose Luis ◽  
Molano-Tobar Nancy Janneth
Keyword(s):  
Food Packaging ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Statistical Parameters ◽  
Intermediate Precision ◽  
Flexible Films ◽  
Flame Atomic Absorption ◽  
Zinc Concentrations ◽  
Materials Used

The current trends in biodegradable food packaging include the use of materials such as biopolymers which should be free of toxic metals to ensure their quality and use in multiple applications. However, these samples can contain zinc given its presence in the materials used to make them. In this study, a method to determine the concentration of zinc (Zn) in thermoformed and biodegradable flexible films samples based on Cassava and in their raw materials (flour, starch and fique) using flame-atomic absorption spectroscopy is described. Prior, an acid digestion with nitric acid under reflux was required. The method was standardized by means of the evaluation of statistical parameters. The method was sufficiently lineal ( R2 = 0.999) in a working range from 0.1 to 1.0 mg Zn/L with detection and quantification limits of 0.03 and 0.82 mg/L, respectively. The method was found to be precise and accurate, and could therefore be used to measure Zn content at levels well below safe limits.The precision of the method was evaluated using intermediate precision and repeatability which showed coefficients of variation less than 6.7% and 4.7%, respectively. The percentages of recovery ranged from 96.5% to 98.2%. The method was successfully applied for the determination of Zn in the studied biopolymers samples and the results obtained support the method’s suitability for determining the presence of the metal. Zinc concentrations in thermoformed, flexible films and flour were below 2.36, 2.14 and 2.01 mg/L, respectively, indicating that these polymers could be used for food containers.

scholarly journals ANALISIS PERHITUNGAN HARGA POKOK PRODUKSI PRODUK SPRING BED PADA PT. MASSINDO SINAR PRATAMA

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Joseph Taroreh ◽  
Jantje J. Tinangon ◽  
Inggriani Elim
Keyword(s):  
Production Process ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Cost Of Production ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Direct Materials ◽  
Descriptive Method

Determination of the cost of production is an important problem in a manufacturing company where the activity is to process the raw materials into finished materials subsequently sold to consumers for a profit. Cost of production is the cost of production which has applied to all finished products are being manufactured during a certain period. This study aims to determine the calculation of the cost of production at PT. Massindo Sinar Pratama. Analyses were performed using the descriptive method in qualitative to be a method to collect data, compiled, interpreted, and analyzed so as to provide an overview of the state of the subject and the object under study is based on facts. From these results it can be seen in the production process of spring, charging based on the type and size of production resulting in a period of one month. With the charge of direct materials, direct labor costs and factory overhead costs. Direct materials used include; Foam, Cloth spring, Spriral iron, wood, and plastic legs. The imposition of direct labor costs based on rates of production units produced. Imposition of factory overhead costs to products based on the overhead costs are determined upfront.

scholarly journals Longhouse Combustibility: A Study on Architectural Design and Construction Materials

2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 33-41
Author(s):  
Jimmy Anjang ◽  
Fatin Hana Naning ◽  
Pang Hung Yiu ◽  
Wong Tze Jin ◽  
Koo Lee Feng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Architectural Design ◽  
Fire Hazard ◽  
Fire Severity ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Visual Observation ◽  
House Construction ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Evacuation Route ◽  
In Fire ◽  
Design And Construction

Fire hazard is a common threat in longhouses in Sarawak. Among things that are crucial in fire prevention is the evacuation route, in which highly dependent on house construction and layout. This study aims to observe the evolution of the Iban longhouse architectural design and materials used to build the longhouse. The qualitative analysis method was applied through 2D photo analysis as well as on-site visual observation and measurement. Construction materials used have been surveyed to determine its combustibility. It has been noted that longhouses have evolved over the years, from traditional to semi-traditional and modern longhouses design. The changes include the layout design and construction materials of the longhouses. Traditional and semi-traditional longhouses are often built using wooden materials that are highly flammable, while modern longhouses are made from concrete materials. The types of construction materials contribute to fire severity. It can be concluded that the longhouse architectural design, along with its construction materials, plays an essential role in the understanding of fire hazard, which will serve as fundamental on the longhouse fire reduction.

scholarly journals Geotechnical and geochemical appraisal of IFON clay, Southwestern Nigeria: Implications for industrial utilization

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Ademila O ◽  
Ogunribido T. H. T ◽  
Abidoye J. M
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Natural State ◽  
Southwestern Nigeria ◽  
Geochemical Composition ◽  
Basement Rocks ◽  
Clay Deposits ◽  
Industrial Utilization ◽  
Ondo State

Clays are geological materials of economic potential in the manufacturing and environmental industries. Geotechnical properties and geochemical composition of Ifon clay deposits in Ondo State, Nigeria were investigated with the aim of determining their economic potentials. The geotechnical investigation includes consistency limits, strength, permeability and firing tests, while, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) method was used for determination of the bulk elemental composition of the clays using standard techniques. Geotechnical appraisal of the clay deposits revealed that high proportion of clay size fractions (52.3 – 66.1%) makes the clays suitable in their natural state for industrial raw materials. Activity of the clays was found to be low at approximately 0.3 – 0.7 and classified as inactive clays. Unconfined compressive strength varies between 3.4 N/mm2 and 4.7 N/mm2 and moderate shrinkage values (≤ 12%) indicate that the clays could be used as building construction materials. Coefficient of permeability of 7.75 × 10-8 to 1.72 × 10-5 cm/sec described the clays as low to impermeable soils suitable as barrier soils. SiO2 (64.41 – 68.74%) and Al2O3 (22.98 – 28.45%) contents dominate the clay geochemistry followed by iron oxide, Fe2O3 (3.57 – 8.31%) content among other oxides in traces, imply that they originated from underlying basement rocks subjected to varying degree of weathering. Low MgO, CaO, K2O and Na2O indicate no expandable clay minerals in the clays. The clays show low heavy metal concentrations which guarantee their suitability as raw materials in chemical industries. Thus, Ifon clay deposits are suitable for the production of ceramics, refractory bricks, paper, paints, rubber and fertilizer.  

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