scholarly journals Does Participation in Adult Education Increase Volunteering? An Analysis of British Longitudinal Data

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-72
Author(s):  
Ina Elisabeth Rüber ◽  
Jan Germen Janmaat
Keyword(s):  
Adult Education ◽  
Longitudinal Data ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Fixed Effects Model ◽  
Self Perceptions ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Positive Effect

High-quality longitudinal data from the UK Household Longitudinal Study gives us the opportunity to investigate whether participation in adult education (AE) fosters volunteering, and whether this depends on the volume of AE, its content, or on the qualification obtained with it. From a public enlightenment perspective, we would only expect to find an effect if the content of AE relates to social issues and domains relevant for volunteering. Yet theories emphasizing AE as a place of encounter and an activity that strengthens self-confidence would expect a positive effect regardless of the content but depending on the volume and the obtained qualification. Our results from a person fixed-effects model reveal a significant and positive effect of participation in AE on volunteering in general, while volume, content, and obtained qualifications appear to make no difference. These findings provisionally suggest that social interactions and self-perceptions explain civic returns to AE.

Economies of scale in European life insurance

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 190-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Udo Klotzki ◽  
Alexander Bohnert ◽  
Nadine Gatzert ◽  
Ulrike Vogelgesang
Keyword(s):  
Life Insurance ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Insurance Markets ◽  
Fixed Effects Model ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Administrative Costs ◽  
Life Insurers ◽  
Acquisition Costs ◽  
The Uk

Purpose Due to the continuing low interest rate environment as well as the increase in acquisition costs, price transparency, cost transparency and competition with banks, the cost of life insurance becomes increasingly important for customers, insurers and shareholders. Against this background, the purpose of this paper is to study the development of insurers’ economies of scale in regard to administrative costs for four of the largest European life insurance markets. Design/methodology/approach The analysis on economies of scale is based on a comprehensive set of 477 life insurers in Germany, Italy, Spain and the UK, yearly data between 2000 and 2014, and regression calculations that are based on 4,855 observations. Findings The results show that economies of scale exist for all considered markets and for most of the considered years. However, the extent of economies of scale varies considerably across countries. Originality/value Overall, the existing academic literature on costs and corresponding economies of scale in life insurance primarily deals with analyses of total costs instead of administrative costs, a single year or a single market. This paper contributes to the existing literature by conducting an analysis of recent market dynamics and economies of scale in regard to administrative costs for the period from 2000 and 2014 for four of the largest European life insurance markets for which the respective data were available (Germany, Italy, Spain and the UK) and 477 life insurers in total. This is done by means of a log-log transformation of premiums and costs and a fixed effects model based on these transformed figures for 4,855 observations. In addition, for each market, the authors analyze the development of administrative costs for a total of 477 insurers.

scholarly journals Determinants of Firm Performance: Evidence from Romanian Listed Companies

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Lazăr
Keyword(s):  
Firm Performance ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Listed Companies ◽  
Sales Growth ◽  
Fixed Effects Model ◽  
Resource Based View ◽  
Firm Profitability ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Positive Effect

AbstractThe paper investigates firm-specific determinants of firm profitability for Romanian listed companies over the 2000-2011 period within the framework of resource based view of the firm. The results show that tangibles, leverage, size and labour intensity have negative effect on firm performance, while sales growth and value added have a positive effect. The results prove robust when introducing two-way fixed effects model and industry year effects model (in order to simultaneously account for specific industry characteristics and time effects).

Does precarious employment ruin youth health and marriage? Evidence from Egypt using longitudinal data

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-406
Author(s):  
Mesbah Fathy Sharaf ◽  
Ahmed Shoukry Rashad
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Longitudinal Data ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Job Insecurity ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Poor Mental Health ◽  
Youth Workers ◽  
Fixed Effects Model ◽  
Precarious Employment ◽  
Content Type

Purpose This study aims to analyze whether precarious employment is associated with youth mental health, self-rated health and happiness in marriage and whether this association differs by sex. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses longitudinal data from the Survey of Young People in Egypt conducted in 2009 and 2014 and estimates a fixed-effects model to control for time-invariant unobserved individual heterogeneity. The analysis is segregated by sex. Findings The results indicate that precarious employment is significantly associated with poor mental health and less happiness in marriage for males and is positively associated with poor self-reported health for females. The adverse impact of precarious work is likely to be mediated through poor working conditions such as low salary, maltreatment at work, job insecurity and harassment from colleagues. Social implications Governmental policies that tackle job precariousness are expected to improve population health and marital welfare. Originality/value Egypt has witnessed a significant increase in the prevalence of precarious employment, particularly among youth, in recent decades, yet the evidence on its effect on the health and well-being of youth workers is sparse. This paper adds to the extant literature by providing new evidence on the social and health repercussions of job precariousness from an understudied region.

scholarly journals The Continuing Effects of Welfare Reform on Food Bank use in the UK: The Roll-out of Universal Credit

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
AARON REEVES ◽  
RACHEL LOOPSTRA
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Food Banks ◽  
Fixed Effects Model ◽  
Food Bank ◽  
Causality Tests ◽  
Large Scale Change ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Roll Out

Abstract In this paper we explore whether the recent rise in food bank usage in the UK has been induced by the roll-out of Universal Credit. We bring together official statistics on the introduction of Universal Credit with data on food bank usage from the UK’s largest food bank network. We test the relationship between Universal Credit and food parcel distribution using a range of causal identification strategies (such as fixed-effects model, Granger causality tests, and matching designs) and consistently find that an increase in the prevalence of Universal Credit is associated with more food parcel distribution. We also find that the relationship between Universal Credit and food parcel distribution is stronger in areas where food banks are active, suggesting food insecurity arising from Universal Credit may be hidden in places where food banks are largely unavailable. Though it is challenging to implement any large-scale change to social security, our analysis suggests systemic and persistent problems with this new system. Whilst the logic of Universal Credit is intuitively appealing, it has also proven to be unforgiving, leaving many struggling to make ends meet.

scholarly journals Panel estimating effects of macroeconomic determinants on tax revenue level in European Union

Industrija ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 41-57
Author(s):  
Branimir Kalaš ◽  
Jadranka Đurović-Todorović ◽  
Marina Đorđević
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Government Expenditure ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Fixed Effects Model ◽  
Revenue Collection ◽  
Total Investment ◽  
Macroeconomic Determinants ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Direct Tax

The level of tax revenue represents one of the most important issues for every country, especially in extraordinary circumstances. The aim of this paper is to identify which macroeconomic determinants are important to total tax revenue in order to determine which variables are the key generators of tax revenue collection. The subject of this research represents the estimating effects of selected macroeconomic determinants on total tax revenue in European Union countries from 2006 to 2018. Empirical analysis includes three panel regression models where total tax revenue, direct tax revenue and indirect tax revenue are determined as dependent variables. Results of fixed effects model show that 1% increase of GDP enhances total tax revenue for 6.91%. Government expenditure, total investment and population have positive effect on total tax revenue where 1% increase of these determinants raise total tax revenue for 2.38%, 0.001% and 0.57% in these countries. Contrary, inflation, unemployment and gross national savings negatively affect the total tax revenue where their growth by 1% cause lower level of total tax revenue for 3.72%, 0.001% and 1.48%. Likewise, gross domestic product and total investment lead to greater change of direct tax revenue and indirect tax revenue. Empirical findings show that governments.

Donor Influence on Long-Term Innovation Within Nonprofit Organizations

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 1045-1065 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Ranucci ◽  
Hyunjung Lee
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Longitudinal Data ◽  
Nonprofit Organizations ◽  
Product Innovation ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Nonprofit Organization ◽  
Fixed Effects Model ◽  
New Information ◽  
Transient Source

We examine how donors influence nonprofit long-term product innovation by estimating a fixed-effects model using longitudinal data on a sample of nonprofit organizations. Innovation requires multiyear funding, but some donations to nonprofit organizations are a transient source of funding. Consistently, we find that when nonprofit organizations increasingly rely on donations from external private sources of funding, long-term innovation declines. However, as the nonprofit organization generates revenue from more predictable relational customers, concern associated with transient donations is attenuated. Moreover, in contrast to dependence on external donations deterring innovation, when a nonprofit grows their donor network, it increasingly emphasizes the long-term innovative interests of donors. The donor network offers social capital that provides managers with confidence and access to new information necessary to pursue innovation.

Changing the Physical Activity Behavior of Adults With Fitness Trackers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 418-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Lynch ◽  
Stephen Bird ◽  
Noel Lythgo ◽  
Isaac Selva-Raj
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Physical Activity Behavior ◽  
Step Count ◽  
Fixed Effects Model ◽  
Alternative Intervention ◽  
Positive Effect

Objective: To examine whether a fitness tracker (FT) intervention changes physical activity (PA) behavior compared to a control condition or compared to an alternative intervention. Data Source: Searches between January 01, 2010, and January 01, 2019, were conducted in PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane CENTRAL, EMBASE, and PsycINFO. Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria: Randomized clinical trials of adults using an FT to change PA behavior were included. Nonclinical trials, studies that included the delivery of structured exercise, and/or studies that only used the FT to assess PA were excluded. Data Extraction: Extracted features included characteristics of the study population, intervention components, PA outcomes, and results. Data Synthesis: Papers were pooled in a statistical meta-analysis using a fixed effects model. Where statistical pooling was not possible, standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Findings were presented in a narrative form and tables. Results: Of 2076 articles found, 21 were included in the review. A small yet significant positive effect (SMD = 0.25, 95% CI = 0.17-0.32; P < .01; I2 = 56.9%; P = .03) was found in step count for interventions compared to control. A small yet significant negative effect (SMD = −0.11, 95% CI = −0.20 to −0.02; P = .02; I2 = 58.2%; P = 0.03) was found in moderate-to-vigorous PA for interventions compared to an alternative intervention. Conclusion: Trackers may enhance PA interventions, as a general positive effect is found in step count compared to a control. However, there is no evidence of a positive effect when interventions are compared to an alternative intervention. It is unknown whether results are due to other intervention components and/or clinical heterogeneity.

Exploring the driving forces of waste generation in the Portuguese municipalities

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Elias Soukiazis ◽  
Sara Proença
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Population Ageing ◽  
Household Waste ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
Waste Generation ◽  
Fixed Effects Model ◽  
Local Economies ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positive Effect

Abstract This paper explores the driving forces behind household waste generation in the Portuguese municipalities. The focus of the analysis is to empirically test the validity of the waste Kuznets curve (wKc) hypothesis, which postulates an inverted U-shaped relationship between waste generation and economic activity. Panel data is collected for 307 municipalities over the 2009–2018 period. Estimating the fixed-effects model and its dynamic versions of the waste generation equation, the decoupling hypothesis is confirmed, although it is only observed in the richest region of Lisbon and three other municipalities. Results suggest that the productive structure of the local economies is important for explaining waste generation behavior. Population ageing contributes negatively to waste generation, while population density and the development dichotomy are not important drivers in this process. Finally, tourism inflows have a positive effect on municipal waste generation, although the size of the impact is minimal.

scholarly journals The Effect Of Social Pressures On CEO Compensation

2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 1953 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory L. Nagel ◽  
Denise M. Leggett
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Ceo Compensation ◽  
Local Area ◽  
Physical Distance ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Social Pressures ◽  
Social Elites ◽  
Ceo Pay ◽  
Positive Effect

We find that social pressures have a positive effect on CEO compensation. Social pressures come from frequent interactions with other CEOs, wealthy people, and social elites in the local area; from attending industry events; and from comparing luxury homes. Pay premiums associated with social pressures (social premiums) are calculated after incorporating the effect of other known pay determinants. We show that social premiums are lower when the physical distance is longer and social interactions less frequent. Our results hold in a pay change regression. They are also robust to adding state fixed effects and firm fixed effects. Practically, our research suggests that social pressure contributes meaningfully to every rising CEO pay. This understanding enables policy makers, large institutional investors, and boards to use alternative incentives (other than increasing pay and regulations) to effectively address CEOs need for status.

scholarly journals The continuing effects of welfare reform on food bank use in the UK: the roll-out of Universal Credit

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Reeves ◽  
Rachel Loopstra
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Food Banks ◽  
Fixed Effects Model ◽  
Food Bank ◽  
Causality Tests ◽  
Large Scale Change ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Roll Out

In this paper we explore whether the recent rise in food bank usage in the UK has been induced by the roll-out of Universal Credit. We bring together official statistics on the introduction of Universal Credit with data on food bank usage from the UK’s largest food bank network. We test the relationship between Universal Credit and food parcel distribution using a range of causal identification strategies (such as fixed-effects model, Granger causality tests, and matching designs) and consistently find that an increase in the prevalence of Universal Credit is associated with more food parcel distribution. We also find that the relationship between Universal Credit and food parcel distribution is stronger in areas where food banks are active, suggesting food insecurity arising from Universal Credit may be hidden in places where food banks are largely unavailable. Though it is challenging to implement any large-scale change to social security, our analysis suggests systemic and persistent problems with this new system. Whilst the logic of Universal Credit is intuitively appealing, it has also proven to be unforgiving, leaving many struggling to make ends meet.

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