Childhood Victimization and Physical Health in Women: The Mediating Role of Adult Attachment

Research has shown that female survivors of childhood abuse (CA) are more likely than nonabused women to experience long-term physical health concerns. Adult attachment may influence this relationship given that attachment insecurity has been linked to poorer physical health and postulated mechanisms of action are similar. This study used structural equation modeling to investigate whether adult attachment insecurity mediates the relationship between four types of CA and self-reported physical health in 538 undergraduate women. CA prevalence rates ranged from 11.7% (sexual abuse) to 34.9% (psychological abuse). In separate structural equation models, direct pathways were significant between CA and adult attachment insecurity, CA and adult physical health, and adult attachment insecurity and adult physical health. Adult attachment insecurity was found to partially mediate health outcomes in CA survivors, S–B χ2 = 116.60 (58), p < .001; comparative fit index = .95; Tucker–Lewis index = .94; root mean square error of approximation = .05; and confidence interval = [.03, .06]. Physical health is a significant concern for survivors of CA, and these results suggest improving attachment security may represent an important avenue of intervention.

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Dynamics of Multimorbidity Resilience and Health Outcomes Over Time in Community-Residing Older Adults

Innovation in Aging ◽

10.1093/geroni/igaa057.3285 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 890-891

Author(s):

Yingzhi Xu ◽

Zahra Rahmaty ◽

Eleanor McConnell ◽

Tingzhong (Michelle) Xue ◽

Bada Kang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Health Outcomes ◽

Physical Health ◽

Social Life ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Psychological Resilience ◽

Pain Level ◽

Reciprocal Relationships ◽

Over Time

Abstract Multimorbidity resilience may mitigate the adverse effects of multiple chronic diseases on older adults’ health. Wister et al.’s (2018) multimorbidity resilience index was developed and tested in a cross-sectional sample of older adults in Canada. Building on these findings, we examined the reciprocal relationships of resilience on outcomes to test these potentially mitigating effects in a community-based, U.S. sample of older adults over time. The study sample includes 1,054 older adults from waves 2 and 3 of the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (NSHAP) study (Waite et al 2020). Wister et al.’s (2018) index was mapped to NSHAP measures, and reciprocal relationships of multimorbidity resilience and health outcomes over a 5-year period was tested using structural equation modeling (SEM). Results indicated significant effects of multimorbidity resilience on self-rated physical health and pain. Interestingly, a better functional resilience at baseline conferred better self-rated physical health at follow-up, while better psychological resilience predicted lower pain level. By contrast, the influence of health outcomes on any domain of multimorbidity resilience was not detectable at all, supporting the direction of these associations from resilience to outcomes. The study systematically investigated the dynamic hypotheses between multimorbidity resilience and health outcomes. That is, whether they are determinants or consequences, or both. Our findings suggest multimorbidity resilience predicts subsequent 5-year change in health outcomes, especially self-rated physical health and pain level, but not vice versa, strengthening the evidence of the importance of resilience in the health of older adults.

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Evaluating the Observed Log-Likelihood Function in Two-Level Structural Equation Modeling with Missing Data: From Formulas to R Code

Psych ◽

10.3390/psych3020017 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 197-232

Author(s):

Yves Rosseel

Keyword(s):

Structural Equation ◽

Structural Equation Models ◽

Likelihood Function ◽

Likelihood Estimation ◽

Missing At Random ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Computationally Efficient ◽

Log Likelihood ◽

Efficient Expression ◽

Special Case

This paper discusses maximum likelihood estimation for two-level structural equation models when data are missing at random at both levels. Building on existing literature, a computationally efficient expression is derived to evaluate the observed log-likelihood. Unlike previous work, the expression is valid for the special case where the model implied variance–covariance matrix at the between level is singular. Next, the log-likelihood function is translated to R code. A sequence of R scripts is presented, starting from a naive implementation and ending at the final implementation as found in the lavaan package. Along the way, various computational tips and tricks are given.

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Examining the ParticipACTION brand using the brand equity pyramid

Journal of Social Marketing ◽

10.1108/jsocm-11-2017-0071 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 378-396 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Alexander Lithopoulos ◽

Peter A. Dacin ◽

Tanya R. Berry ◽

Guy Faulkner ◽

Norm O’Reilly ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽

Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽

Brand Equity ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Structural Equation Models ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Content Type ◽

Activity Promotion ◽

Confirmatory Factor

Purpose The brand equity pyramid is a theory that explains how people develop loyalty and an attachment to a brand. The purpose of this study is to test whether the predictions made by the theory hold when applied to the brand of ParticipACTION, a Canadian non-profit organization that promotes active living. A secondary objective was to test whether this theory predicted intentions to be more physically active. Design/methodology/approach A research agency conducted a cross-sectional, online brand health survey on behalf of ParticipACTION. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis established the factor structure. Structural equation modeling was used to test the hypothesized model. Findings A nationally representative sample of Canadian adults (N = 1,191) completed the survey. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis supported a hypothesized five-factor brand equity framework (i.e. brand identity, brand meaning, brand responses, brand resonance and intentions). A series of structural equation models also provided support for the hypothesized relationships between the variables. Practical implications Though preliminary, the results provide a guide for understanding the branding process in the activity-promotion context. The constructs identified as being influential in this process can be targeted by activity-promotion organizations to improve brand strength. A strong organizational brand could augment activity-promotion interventions. A strong brand may also help the organization better compete against other brands promoting messages that are antithetical to their own. Originality/value This is the first study to test the brand equity pyramid using an activity-promotion brand. Results demonstrate that the brand equity pyramid may be useful in this context.

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Newborn Adiposity and Cord Blood C-Peptide as Mediators of the Maternal Metabolic Environment and Childhood Adiposity

10.2337/figshare.13645727.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jami L. Josefson ◽

Denise M. Scholtens ◽

Alan Kuang ◽

Patrick M. Catalano ◽

Lynn P. Lowe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fat Mass ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Structural Equation Models ◽

Child Outcomes ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

P Value ◽

C Peptide ◽

Childhood Adiposity ◽

Maternal Bmi ◽

Maternal Glucose

OBJECTIVE Excessive childhood adiposity is a risk factor for adverse metabolic health. The objective was to investigate associations of newborn body composition and cord C-peptide with childhood anthropometrics and explore whether these newborn measures mediate associations of maternal mid-pregnancy glucose and BMI with childhood adiposity. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Data on mother/offspring pairs (N=4832) from the epidemiological Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) Study and HAPO Follow Up Study (HAPO FUS) were analyzed. Linear regression was used to study associations between newborn and childhood anthropometrics. Structural equation modeling was used to explore newborn anthropometric measures as potential mediators of the associations of maternal BMI and glucose during pregnancy with childhood anthropometric outcomes. RESULTS In models including maternal glucose and BMI adjustments, newborn adiposity as measured by sum of skinfolds was associated with child outcomes (adjusted mean difference, 95% CI, p-value) BMI(0.26,0.12-0.39,<0.001), BMI z-score(0.072,0.033-0.11,<0.001), fat mass (kg)(0.51,0.26-0.76,<0.001), percent bodyfat(0.61, 0.27-0.95,<0.001), and sum of skinfolds (mm)(1.14,0.43-1.86,0.0017). Structural equation models demonstrated significant mediation by newborn sum of skinfolds and cord C-peptide of maternal BMI effects on childhood BMI(proportion of total effect 2.5% and 1%, respectively), fat mass(3.1%,1.2%), percent bodyfat(3.6%,1.8%), and sum of skinfolds (2.9%,1.8%), and significant mediation by newborn sum of skinfolds and cord C-peptide of maternal glucose effects on child fat mass (proportion of total association 22.0% and 21.0%, respectively), percent bodyfat (15.0%,18.0%), and sum of skinfolds (15.0%,20.0%). CONCLUSIONS Newborn adiposity is independently associated with childhood adiposity and, along with fetal hyperinsulinemia, mediates, in part, associations of maternal glucose and BMI with childhood adiposity.

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Is China Moving toward Healthy Aging? A Tracking Study Based on 5 Phases of CLHLS Data

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17124343 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (12) ◽

pp. 4343

Author(s):

Yinan Yang ◽

Yingying Meng

Keyword(s):

Older People ◽

Physical Health ◽

Latent Variable ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Healthy Aging ◽

Factor Model ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Elderly Individuals ◽

Comparison Results ◽

Elderly Populations

Health is the key to the aging problem, and “healthy aging” depicts the overall changing trends in the health of all elderly individuals in a society. Based on the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) data from the years 2002, 2005, 2008, 2011 and 2014, this article investigates whether there is a trend of “healthy aging” in China. A second-order factor model including four dimensions of physical health, functional status, mental health and social health was constructed to measure a latent variable, “Health_elders”. The further multigroup comparison results by structural equation modeling showed that, with the exception of 2008, the Health_elders in 2002, 2005, 2011 and 2014 displayed an upward trend, and the mean differences in Health_elders across five periods were significant. These findings indicate that on the whole, compared with older people in the past, older people in more recent periods are healthier, which supports the trend of “healthy aging” in China. In terms of cohorts, the average health levels of male, town-residing elderly populations are higher, while the healthy aging trends among female, rural and urban elderly populations are stronger. Moreover, the physical health levels of the 60–74 years-old cohort are decreasing, and the participation of elderly individuals in social activities is low, which are the weaknesses in the healthy aging process in China.

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Straining at Work and Its Relationship with Personality Profiles and Individual Consequences in Healthcare Workers (HCWs)

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17020610 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 610 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Tiziana Ramaci ◽

Massimiliano Barattucci ◽

Francesca Vella ◽

Paola Senia ◽

Emanuele Cannizzaro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Health ◽

Risk Perceptions ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Healthcare Workers ◽

Structural Equation Models ◽

Emotional Stability ◽

Personality Factors ◽

Personal Factors ◽

Personality Profiles

Straining is an attenuated form of mobbing, in which the continuity of vexatious actions is not driven by a discriminatory intent. With the objective of testing the possible moderating role of personality in the relationship between perceptions about straining at work and individual consequences, a correlational design research involved 374 healthcare workers (HCWs) from two Italian hospitals. The following questionnaires were administered: (1) Short Negative Acts Questionnaire (S-NAQ), to assess discriminative actions at work); (2) the Italian version of the Big Five Inventory (BFI-10 scale), to assess personality factors; (3) Occupational Stress Indicator (OSI), to measure psychological and physical health. Regression analysis and Structural Equation Models (SEM) were computed in order to test the relationships between variables. Perceived straining showed significant correlations with both psychological and physical health. Conscientiousness was inversely proportional to work-related bullying (WB), as agreeableness was to personal bullying (PB). Emotional stability was negatively correlated with all the three component scales of S-NAQ: WB, PB, and social bullying. The results seem to confirm that straining perceptions especially elicit, through emotional stability, psychological consequences. As regards the role of emotional stability in risk perceptions, it seems management has to pay thorough attention to personal factors in organizational perceptions and to straining actions.

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Analytical power calculations for structural equation modeling: A tutorial and Shiny app

Behavior Research Methods ◽

10.3758/s13428-020-01479-0 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Suzanne Jak ◽

Terrence D. Jorgensen ◽

Mathilde G. E. Verdam ◽

Frans J. Oort ◽

Louise Elffers

Keyword(s):

Monte Carlo ◽

Monte Carlo Methods ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Structural Equation Models ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Ratio Test ◽

Power Calculations ◽

Shiny App ◽

Computationally Intensive

Abstract Conducting a power analysis can be challenging for researchers who plan to analyze their data using structural equation models (SEMs), particularly when Monte Carlo methods are used to obtain power. In this tutorial, we explain how power calculations without Monte Carlo methods for the χ2 test and the RMSEA tests of (not-)close fit can be conducted using the Shiny app “power4SEM”. power4SEM facilitates power calculations for SEM using two methods that are not computationally intensive and that focus on model fit instead of the statistical significance of (functions of) parameters. These are the method proposed by Satorra and Saris (Psychometrika 50(1), 83–90, 1985) for power calculations of the likelihood ratio test, and that described by MacCallum, Browne, and Sugawara (Psychol Methods 1(2) 130–149, 1996) for RMSEA-based power calculations. We illustrate the use of power4SEM with examples of power analyses for path models, factor models, and a latent growth model.

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Leader–member exchange and employee health: an exploration of explanatory mechanisms

Leadership & Organization Development Journal ◽

10.1108/lodj-11-2018-0392 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 40 (6) ◽

pp. 699-711 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Brian Gregory ◽

Talai Osmonbekov

Keyword(s):

Physical Health ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Employee Health ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Content Type ◽

Health Empowerment ◽

Member Exchange ◽

Survey Responses ◽

The Impact ◽

Mental And Physical Health

Purpose The impact of employee health on organizations, individual employees and society as a whole is vast. The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between leadership–member exchange (LMX) and employee mental and physical health. Additionally, two variables with strong empirical and theoretical ties to employee health (empowerment and stress) are explored as potential mediators. Design/methodology/approach Survey responses from 182 employees across two organizations were collected to measure study variables. Structural equation modeling techniques were used to analyze data and test hypotheses. Findings An association between LMX and employee health was found to be fully mediated by both empowerment and stress. Originality/value These findings contribute to the literature by providing evidence of the association between leadership and both the mental and physical health of employees. This phenomenon highlights the significant impact that leaders have on subordinates both at work and in their general lives outside of the workplace. Understanding the mediating pathways through which leadership comes to impact employee health creates new knowledge regarding the manner in which constructs as disparate as leadership and employee health come to form an association.

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The Impact of Intraclass Correlation on the Effectiveness of Level-Specific Fit Indices in Multilevel Structural Equation Modeling

Educational and Psychological Measurement ◽

10.1177/0013164416642823 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 77 (1) ◽

pp. 5-31 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Hsien-Yuan Hsu ◽

Jr-Hung Lin ◽

Oi-Man Kwok ◽

Sandra Acosta ◽

Victor Willson

Keyword(s):

Structural Equation ◽

Structural Equation Models ◽

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Monte Carlo Study ◽

Multilevel Structural Equation Modeling ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Saturated Model ◽

Fit Indices ◽

The Impact ◽

Multilevel Structural Equation

Several researchers have recommended that level-specific fit indices should be applied to detect the lack of model fit at any level in multilevel structural equation models. Although we concur with their view, we note that these studies did not sufficiently consider the impact of intraclass correlation (ICC) on the performance of level-specific fit indices. Our study proposed to fill this gap in the methodological literature. A Monte Carlo study was conducted to investigate the performance of (a) level-specific fit indices derived by a partially saturated model method (e.g., [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]) and (b) [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] in terms of their performance in multilevel structural equation models across varying ICCs. The design factors included intraclass correlation (ICC: ICC1 = 0.091 to ICC6 = 0.500), numbers of groups in between-level models (NG: 50, 100, 200, and 1,000), group size (GS: 30, 50, and 100), and type of misspecification (no misspecification, between-level misspecification, and within-level misspecification). Our simulation findings raise a concern regarding the performance of between-level-specific partial saturated fit indices in low ICC conditions: the performances of both [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] were more influenced by ICC compared with [Formula: see text] and SRMRB. However, when traditional cutoff values ( RMSEA≤ 0.06; CFI, TLI≥ 0.95; SRMR≤ 0.08) were applied, [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] were still able to detect misspecified between-level models even when ICC was as low as 0.091 (ICC1). On the other hand, both [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] were not recommended under low ICC conditions.

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A Longitudinal Analysis of Physical and Psychological Wellbeing amongst Late Adolescents: Exploring the Transition from School to Postschool Life

The Australian Educational and Developmental Psychologist ◽

10.1017/edp.2012.1 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

pp. 17-43 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Carissa J. Martinez ◽

Andrew J. Martin ◽

Gregory Arief D. Liem ◽

Susan Colmar

Keyword(s):

Young People ◽

Physical Health ◽

Psychological Health ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Early Adulthood ◽

Life Quality ◽

Psychological Wellbeing ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Longitudinal Structural Equation Modeling ◽

One Year

The present longitudinal investigation explored the extent to which physical wellbeing predicts psychological wellbeing in a sample transitioning from school to postschool life. The study comprised 213 young people assessed in their final year of high school (T1) and then one year later (T2). Longitudinal structural equation modeling supported hypothesised paths at each time point, with physical health positively predicting psychological health and perceived life quality and satisfaction. At T2, physical health also positively predicted a sense of meaning and purpose in life. Supplementary analysis showed a significant cross-time effect from T1 psychological health to T2 physical health. Findings hold substantive and practical implications highlighting the importance of multidimensional and integrative approaches to understanding and enhancing the wellbeing of young people who are making the transition from late adolescence to early adulthood.

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