scholarly journals A Pilot Evaluation of an Intervention to Improve Social Reactions to Sexual and Partner Violence Disclosures

2020 ◽  
pp. 088626052093443
Author(s):  
Katie M. Edwards ◽  
Emily A. Waterman ◽  
Sarah E. Ullman ◽  
Lindsey M. Rodriguez ◽  
Christina M. Dardis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Informal Support ◽  
Baseline Survey ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Social Reactions ◽  
Informal Supports ◽  
Negative Social Reactions

The purpose of this study was to evaluate an intervention ( Supporting Survivors and Self [SSS]) created to increase positive social reactions and decrease negative social reactions to sexual assault and partner violence disclosures among informal support disclosure recipients. Participants were 1,268 college students from a medium-sized New England university who completed an online baseline survey and were assigned to either the treatment or control condition. The SSS intervention trained potential informal supports on what to say and not to say to disclosure recipients. Six months after the SSS intervention, participants in both conditions completed the follow-up survey online. Although intentions to provide positive social reactions significantly increased among participants in the treatment group compared with the control group and there were marginally significant effects in the anticipated directions for alcohol-specific intended social reactions, no overall difference was observed across conditions in actual social reactions provided. Moderation analyses suggested that, in general, the SSS intervention was more effective on various outcomes for students who were younger, male, non-White, sexual minorities, and/or non-victims. Moderation analyses also suggested that the intervention varied in efficacy depending on the circumstances of the disclosure. Despite the mixed outcomes of the SSS intervention, these data suggest that the SSS intervention was effective in improving social reactions for some students and under some circumstances. Future research is needed to further refine the SSS intervention to bolster its effectiveness in reducing negative social reactions and increasing positive social reactions for all students.

Correlates of Social Reactions to Victims’ Disclosures of Sexual Assault and Intimate Partner Violence: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 152483802110160
Author(s):  
Sarah E. Ullman
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Posttraumatic Growth ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Social Reactions ◽  
And Bisexual ◽  
Negative Social Reactions

Sexual assault and intimate partner violence (IPV) are common experiences in women, but few studies have examined correlates of social reactions experienced by victims telling others about assault. This systematic review identified 30 studies through searches of research databases on correlates of social reactions to disclosure of sexual assault or IPV in samples of adult victims or disclosure recipients. Studies showed evidence of greater negative social reactions for Black and Hispanic victims, less educated, and bisexual victims. More extensive trauma histories in victims were related to receipt of greater negative social reactions, whereas assault characteristics (e.g., victim–offender relationship, alcohol use, perpetrator violence during assault) were sometimes associated with negative reactions. In terms of postassault factors, more psychological symptoms, self-blame, avoidance coping, less perceived control, and less posttraumatic growth were related to more negative social reactions. Disclosure characteristics, telling informal sources, and telling more sources were related to more positive reactions, whereas telling both formal and informal sources was related to negative reactions. Demographic, attitudinal, and relational factors were related to disclosure recipients’ intended social reactions. Future research needs to examine how various factors relate to social reactions in the context of theory, and clinical treatment and interventions should use this information to identify and intervene with victims to reduce negative social reactions and their psychological impacts and to increase positive social reactions particularly from informal support sources.

The Feasibility of a Novel Recruitment Protocol for Collecting Survivor Data via Disclosure Recipient Referrals

2022 ◽  
pp. 107780122110706
Author(s):  
Sarah E. Ullman ◽  
Emily A. Waterman ◽  
Katie M. Edwards ◽  
Jania Marshall ◽  
Christina M. Dardis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Matched Pairs ◽  
Social Reactions ◽  
Limited Success ◽  
Research Studies

The current arricle describes a novel recruitment protocol for collecting data from sexual assault and intimate partner violence survivors referred to research studies by individuals to whom they had previously disclosed. Challenges in both recruiting participants and interpreting data are described. Only 35.8% of cases had usable data for both survivors and disclosure recipients, suggesting that this referral method had limited success in recruiting matched pairs. Suggestions for modifications to improve the protocol for future research are offered. Potential advantages and drawbacks of various methods for recruiting dyads are described in order to facilitate future research on survivors’ disclosure processes, social reactions, and the influence of social reactions on survivor recovery.

Disclosing Unwanted Pursuit Victimization: Indirect Effects of Negative Reactions on PTSD Symptomatology Among Undergraduate Women

2019 ◽  
pp. 088626051988469
Author(s):  
Christina M. Dardis ◽  
Katie R. Davin ◽  
Stephanie B. Lietzau ◽  
Christine A. Gidycz
Keyword(s):  
Romantic Relationships ◽  
Indirect Effect ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Ptsd Symptoms ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Social Reactions ◽  
Undergraduate Women ◽  
Unwanted Pursuit ◽  
Negative Social Reactions ◽  
Ptsd Symptomatology

A growing literature has documented that negative social reactions to disclosures of sexual and intimate partner violence (IPV), such as victim blaming or disbelief, can negatively affect survivors’ recovery. However, despite growing recognition of the frequency of unwanted pursuit behaviors (UPBs; for example, stalking, excessive or threatening contact) following romantic relationships and their negative effects on survivors, research to date has not explored disclosures, social reactions, or their impacts among victims of UPBs. The purpose of the present study was to assess the frequency of disclosures of UPB victimization to various sources, social reactions received, and their associations with symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Among a sample of 318 undergraduate women (ages 18-24) who reported a breakup within the past 3 years, 59.7% ( n =190) reported experiencing UPBs. Nearly all of the women (92.6%; n =176) who experienced UPBs disclosed their victimization to others. Among women who disclosed, the most frequent recipient of disclosure was a female friend (93.2%, n = 164) and women reported receiving higher mean positive than negative social reactions ( p < .001). Results supported the hypothesized indirect effect of UPB victimization on PTSD symptoms through increases in negative social reactions ( p < .001); these results suggest that negative social reactions to UPB victimization may increase the risk for PTSD symptomatology. By contrast, there was no indirect effect via positive social reactions ( p = .205). Implications for research and clinical practice will be discussed.

A Universal Prevention Trial of Anxiety Symptomology during Childhood: Results at 1-Year Follow-up

2003 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hayley M. Lowry-Webster ◽  
Paula M. Barrett ◽  
Sally Lock
Keyword(s):  
Intervention Group ◽  
Prevention Trial ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Universal Prevention ◽  
Diagnostic Interviews ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
Intervention Condition ◽  
Group Cbt

AbstractIn 2001 we evaluated a universal prevention trial of anxiety during childhood, and also examined the effects of the program on levels of depression. Participants were 594 children aged 10—13 years from seven schools in Brisbane, Australia, who were randomly assigned to an intervention or control group on a school-by-school basis. The intervention was based on the group CBT program FRIENDS (Barrett, Lowry-Webster & Holmes, 1999a, 1999b, 1999c). Results were examined universally (for all children) and for children who scored above the clinical cut-off for anxiety at pre-test. At 12-month follow-up, intervention gains were maintained, as measured by self-reports and diagnostic interviews. Eighty-five per cent of children in the intervention group who were scoring above the clinical cut-off for anxiety and depression were diagnosis free in the intervention condition, compared to only 31.2% of children in the control group. Implications of these findings are examined, alongside limitations and directions for future research.

scholarly journals A Controlled Evaluation of an Enhanced Self-Directed Behavioural Family Intervention for Parents of Children With Conduct Problems in Rural and Remote Areas

2006 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol Markie-Dadds ◽  
Matthew R. Sanders
Keyword(s):  
Conduct Problems ◽  
Consumer Satisfaction ◽  
Family Intervention ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Disruptive Behaviour ◽  
Telephone Consultation ◽  
Self Help ◽  
The Impact

AbstractFew studies have examined the impact of parenting interventions for families in rural and isolated areas who have children with conduct problems, where access to professional services can be difficult. The present investigation compared the effects of three conditions, two levels of self-directed behavioral family intervention: an enhanced self-directed program that combined a self-help program using written materials and a weekly telephone consultation (ESD), a self-help program (SD) and a waitlist control group (WL). At postintervention the ESD group reported significantly lower levels of disruptive behaviour, and lower levels of dysfunctional parenting than the SD and WL controls, and higher levels of consumer satisfaction. At 6 months follow-up the main effects for the ESD group had been maintained. The SD group continued to evidence improvement from postintervention to follow-up such that 65% of children in the ESD condition and 57% of children in the SD condition showed clinical reliable change on measures of disruptive behaviour. Implications of findings and directions for future research are discussed.

scholarly journals Effects of a Motivational Self-Talk Intervention for Endurance Athletes Completing an Ultramarathon

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alister McCormick ◽  
Carla Meijen ◽  
Samuele Marcora
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Control ◽  
Endurance Athletes ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Adverse Conditions ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Self Talk ◽  
Group A ◽  
Randomized Controlled Experiment

This study examined the effects of strategic, motivational self-talk for runners completing a 60-mile, overnight ultramarathon using a randomized, controlled experiment. Data were collected before, during, and after an annual ultramarathon. Twenty-nine ultramarathon runners were randomly allocated to a motivational self-talk group or an alternative control group. A condition-by-time mixed ANOVA indicated that learning to use motivational self-talk did not affect preevent self-efficacy or perceived control. A t-test and magnitude-based inference indicated that motivational self-talk did not affect performance. Nevertheless, follow-up data suggested that most participants found the intervention helpful and continued to use it six months after their research commitment, particularly in endurance events and to a lesser extent in training. Participants continued to use self-talk to cope with exertion, as well as other stressors such as blister discomfort and adverse conditions. Suggestions are offered for future research examining the effects of psychological interventions on performance in endurance events.

Autonomous Mode of Systematic Dilemma Counseling

1981 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 231-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morton Wagman
Keyword(s):  
Group Treatment ◽  
Previous Experiment ◽  
Complete System ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Autonomous Mode ◽  
Contact Control ◽  
And Control

The autonomous dilemma counseling system is described and evaluated. The Dilemma Counseling Module teaches the dilemma problem-solving method. Solution components contain 75 representative life-choice problems and over 400 specific and general solutions. The Dilemma Therapeuter Component provides, on cassettes, supportive commentary from a counselor. 75 students with troublesome psychological dilemmas were randomly assigned to treatment groups or to a no-contact control group. One treatment condition consisted of the complete system while the other condition omitted the Dilemma Therapeuter. Treatment and control subjects responded to measures of problem improvement at a 1-wk. follow-up session. Each treatment group improved significantly more than the control group. Treatment groups did not differ. Findings are compared with those of a previous experiment in which the same design and dependent measures were used but in which treatment was given counselors using either the Dilemma Counseling ( n = 20) or an eclectic method ( n = 20). A combined analysis indicated no difference between the autonomous and counselors' treatments. It was concluded that the system can be independently applied. Future research is discussed.

scholarly journals Metacognitive reflection and insight therapy (MERIT) for patients with schizophrenia

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. de Jong ◽  
R. J. M. van Donkersgoed ◽  
M. E. Timmerman ◽  
M. aan het Rot ◽  
L. Wunderink ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Drop Out ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Treatment As Usual ◽  
Self Reflection ◽  
Intention To Treat ◽  
Metacognitive Reflection ◽  
Secondary Outcomes

AbstractBackgroundImpaired metacognition is associated with difficulties in the daily functioning of people with psychosis. Metacognition can be divided into four domains: Self-Reflection, Understanding the Other's Mind, Decentration, and Mastery. This study investigated whether Metacognitive Reflection and Insight Therapy (MERIT) can be used to improve metacognition.MethodsThis study is a randomized controlled trial. Patients in the active condition (n = 35) received forty MERIT sessions, the control group (n = 35) received treatment as usual. Multilevel intention-to-treat and completers analyses were performed for metacognition and secondary outcomes (psychotic symptomatology, cognitive insight, Theory of Mind, empathy, depression, self-stigma, quality of life, social functioning, and work readiness).ResultsEighteen out of 35 participants finished treatment, half the drop-out stemmed from therapist attrition (N = 5) or before the first session (N = 4). Intention-to-treat analysis demonstrated that in both groups metacognition improved between pre- and post-measurements, with no significant differences between the groups. Patients who received MERIT continued to improve, while the control group returned to baseline, leading to significant differences at follow-up. Completers analysis (18/35) showed improvements on the Metacognition Assessment Scale (MAS-A) scales Self Reflectivity and metacognitive Mastery at follow-up. No effects were found on secondary outcomes.ConclusionsOn average, participants in the MERIT group were, based on MAS-A scores, at follow-up more likely to recognize their thoughts as changeable rather than as facts. MERIT might be useful for patients whose self-reflection is too limited to benefit from other therapies. Given how no changes were found in secondary measures, further research is needed. Limitations and suggestions for future research are discussed.

scholarly journals Virtual Reality Technology Use in Cigarette Craving and Smoking Interventions (I “Virtually” Quit): Systematic Review (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merel Keijsers ◽  
Maria Cecilia Vega-Corredor ◽  
Melanie Tomintz ◽  
Simon Hoermann
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Technology Use ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Avoidance Task ◽  
Nicotine Delivery ◽  
Approach Avoidance

BACKGROUND Over the last 2 decades, virtual reality technologies (VRTs) have been proposed as a way to enhance and improve smoking cessation therapy. OBJECTIVE This systematic review aims to evaluate and summarize the current knowledge on the application of VRT in various smoking cessation therapies, as well as to explore potential directions for future research and intervention development. METHODS A literature review of smoking interventions using VRT was conducted. RESULTS Not all intervention studies included an alternative therapy or a placebo condition against which the effectiveness of the intervention could be benchmarked, or a follow-up measure to ensure that the effects were lasting. Virtual reality (VR) cue exposure therapy was the most extensively studied intervention, but its effect on long-term smoking behavior was inconsistent. Behavioral therapies such as a VR approach-avoidance task or gamified interventions were less common but reported positive results. Notably, only 1 study combined Electronic Nicotine Delivery Devices with VRT. CONCLUSIONS The inclusion of a behavioral component, as is done in the VR approach-avoidance task and gamified interventions, may be an interesting avenue for future research on smoking interventions. As Electronic Nicotine Delivery Devices are still the subject of much controversy, their potential to support smoking cessation remains unclear. For future research, behavioral or multicomponent interventions are promising avenues of exploration. Future studies should improve their validity by comparing their intervention group with at least 1 alternative or placebo control group, as well as incorporating follow-up measures. CLINICALTRIAL

scholarly journals Effects of the Anti-stigma Workplace Intervention “Working Mind” in a Canadian Health-Care Setting: A Cluster-Randomized Trial of Immediate Versus Delayed Implementation: Effets d’une intervention en milieu de travail anti-stigmates, l’Esprit au travail, dans un milieu canadien de soins de santé: un essai randomisé en grappes d’une mise en œuvre immédiate plutôt que reportée

2020 ◽  
pp. 070674372096173
Author(s):  
Keith S. Dobson ◽  
Veronika Markova ◽  
Alainna Wen ◽  
Laura M. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Cluster Randomized Trial ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Mental Health Stigma ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Essai Randomisé ◽  
Program Effects ◽  
Cluster Randomized

Objectives: The Working Mind is a program designed to reduce stigmatizing attitudes toward mental illness, improve resilience, and promote mental health in the general workplace. Previous research has revealed positive program effects in a variety of workplace settings. This study advances previous work in implementing randomization and a control group to assess the intervention’s efficacy. Methods: The program was evaluated using a cluster-randomized design, with pretest, posttest, and a 3-month follow-up in 2 implementation groups across 4 sites. Results: The Working Mind program was effective at decreasing mental health stigma and increasing self-reported resilience and coping skills at the pre–post assessment in both delivery groups. The program’s effects were maintained to the time of 3-month follow-up. Qualitative data provided further evidence that participants benefited from the program. Conclusions: This study represents an advancement over past research and provides further support for efficacy of the Working Mind program. Directions for future research, including replication using rigorous methodological procedures and examination of program effects over longer follow-up intervals, are discussed.

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