Tackling Drug-Lords in a Nascent Market: Raids and Drug Crime in Uruguay

2021 ◽  
pp. 088740342110469
Author(s):  
Juan A. Bogliaccini ◽  
Diego Pereira ◽  
Juan Ignacio Pereira ◽  
Cecilia Giambruno ◽  
Ignacio Borba
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Interrupted Time Series ◽  
Drug Market ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Drug Crime ◽  
Intervention Models ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Short And Long Term

This article analyzes the effects of police raids for different types of crime in the most conflictive neighborhoods of Montevideo, Uruguay. Interrupted time-series and intervention models are estimated using different specifications of geographical area where the crackdowns occurred and also different control strategies to produce robust results. The effect of crackdowns on crime reporting is mixed; evidence suggesting crackdowns may produce short- and long-term effects on crime depending on their ability to affect gangs’ competition for the territory and the market. It appears that the effects of raids are sensitive to the context of the criminal situation. Crackdowns are not consistently effective in influencing crime. Evidence shows it is hard to reach levels of critical enforcement through 1-day crackdowns and that crackdowns’ ability to alter drug-market conditions would depend not only on the ability to extract drug dealers from the territory but also in preventing a rapid return.

scholarly journals A Six-Month Intervention with Two Different Types of Micronutrient-Fortified Complementary Foods Had Distinct Short- and Long-Term Effects on Linear and Ponderal Growth of Vietnamese Infants

2012 ◽  
Vol 142 (9) ◽  
pp. 1735-1740 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pham V. Phu ◽  
Nguyen V. Hoan ◽  
Bertrand Salvignol ◽  
Serge Treche ◽  
Frank T. Wieringa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Complementary Foods ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Short And Long Term

scholarly journals Sales and Advertising Channels of New Psychoactive Substances (NPS): Internet, Social Networks, and Smartphone Apps

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Miliano ◽  
Giulia Margiani ◽  
Liana Fattore ◽  
Maria De Luca
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Drugs Of Abuse ◽  
Drug Market ◽  
New Psychoactive Substances ◽  
Smartphone Apps ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Psychoactive Substances ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short And Long Term

In the last decade, the trend of drug consumption has completely changed, and several new psychoactive substances (NPS) have appeared on the drug market as legal alternatives to common drugs of abuse. Designed to reproduce the effects of illegal substances like cannabis, ecstasy, cocaine, or ketamine, NPS are only in part controlled by UN conventions and represent an emerging threat to global public health. The effects of NPS greatly differ from drug to drug and relatively scarce information is available at present about their pharmacology and potential toxic effects. Yet, compared to more traditional drugs, more dangerous short- and long-term effects have been associated with their use, and hospitalizations and fatal intoxications have also been reported after NPS use. In the era of cyberculture, the Internet acts as an ideal platform to promote and market these compounds, leading to a global phenomenon. Hidden by several aliases, these substances are sold across the web, and information about consumption is shared by online communities through drug fora, YouTube channels, social networks, and smartphone applications (apps). This review intends to provide an overview and analysis of social media that contribute to the popularity of NPS especially among young people. The possibility of using the same channels responsible for their growing diffusion to make users aware of the risks associated with NPS use is proposed.

Stress and Trauma

2020 ◽  
pp. 151-173
Author(s):  
Dana C. Branson
Keyword(s):  
Coping Skills ◽  
Personality Type ◽  
Toxic Stress ◽  
Negative Outcomes ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Positive Growth ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Short And Long Term

Toxic stress and trauma are common occurrences that can create physiological and psychological changes with negative short- and long-term effects. Research has clearly established a correlation between adversity and negative outcomes. However, there are a number of factors involved in the development, intensity, and severity of outcomes, specifically the type of stress or trauma experiences, temperament, personality type, repertoire of coping skills, and level of resiliency. This chapter reviews the definitions of different types of stress, the neurological changes that can occur as a result of adversity, common and paradoxical reactions to trauma, and the ability of coping skills and resilience to change the trajectory from negative outcomes to opportunities for positive growth.

scholarly journals The effect of preceding crops on damping-off of sugar beet and some ecological properties of the fungus Pythium Pringsh

1987 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-100
Author(s):  
Mauritz Vestberg
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Pot Trials ◽  
Short And Long Term

The short- and long-term effects of preceding crops on damping-off of sugar beet were studied in pot trials in the glasshouse. Of the different types of plants studied, cereals most effectively decreased disease frequency. At the same time cereals on average also decreased the number of Pythium propagules in the soil, this being a short-and long-term effect. Legumes, on the other hand, seemed not to affect or even to increase damping-off as compared to continuously cultivated sugar beet. The influence on preceding crops on different soil types varied greatly. The inoculum density or potential of Pythium generally correlated poorly with damping-off of sugar beet. Nor did disease transformations cause any overall improvement of correlations.

Saskatchewan Highways and Transportation Reduced Tire Pressure Initiative

1997 ◽  
Vol 1589 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas L. Davies ◽  
Tami F. Wall ◽  
Allan Carpentier
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Membrane Surface ◽  
Vehicle Stability ◽  
Road Maintenance ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Tire Pressure ◽  
Reduced Pressure ◽  
Maintenance Costs ◽  
Short And Long Term

After examination of the research carried out by other agencies, Saskatchewan Highways and Transportation (SHT) embarked on an initiative to adapt low tire pressure technologies to the province's needs and environment. The focus of the initiative was to explore several technical questions from SHT's perspective: (a) Can low tire pressures be used to increase truck weights from secondary to primary without increasing road maintenance costs on thin membrane surface roads? (b) What are the short- and long-term effects of tire heating under high-speed/high-deflection constant reduced pressure (CRP) operations in a Saskatchewan environment? (c) What effects do lower tire pressures have on vehicle stability at highway speeds? To date, significant opportunities have been noted on local hauls (less than 30 min loaded at highway speeds) for CRP operation and long primary highway hauls that begin or end in relatively short secondary highway sections that limit vehicle weight allowed for the whole trip for central tire inflation technology. The background and environment for the initiative and the investigations and demonstrations envisioned and undertaken are briefly outlined.

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