Who Are You? The Study of Personality in Patients With Anterograde Amnesia

2021 ◽  
pp. 095679762110074
Author(s):  
McKenna M. Garland ◽  
Jatin G. Vaidya ◽  
Daniel Tranel ◽  
David Watson ◽  
Justin S. Feinstein
Keyword(s):  
Declarative Memory ◽  
Sense Of Self ◽  
Anterograde Amnesia ◽  
Medial Temporal Lobes ◽  
Neurological Patient ◽  
Temporal Lobes ◽  
Personality Ratings ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Severe Type

Little is known about the role of declarative memory in the ongoing perception of one’s personality. Seven individuals who developed a rare and severe type of anterograde amnesia following damage to their medial temporal lobes were identified from our neurological patient registry. We examined the stability of their personality ratings on the Big Five Inventory over five retest periods and assessed the accuracy of their ratings via analyses of self–caregiver agreement. The patients portrayed a stable sense of self over the course of 1 year. However, their self-ratings differed from those provided by the caregivers. Intriguingly, these discrepancies diminished when caregivers retrospectively rated the patients’ personalities prior to their brain injury, suggesting that patients’ perceptions of themselves were stuck in the past. We interpret our findings to indicate that the ability to form new declarative memories is not required for maintaining a stable sense of self but may be important for updating one’s sense of self over time.

scholarly journals Role of the medial temporal lobes in relational memory: Neuropsychological evidence from a cued recognition paradigm

2007 ◽  
Vol 45 (11) ◽  
pp. 2589-2597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene P. Kan ◽  
Kelly S. Giovanello ◽  
David M. Schnyer ◽  
Nikos Makris ◽  
Mieke Verfaellie
Keyword(s):  
Relational Memory ◽  
Medial Temporal Lobes ◽  
Temporal Lobes ◽  
Neuropsychological Evidence

Neuropsychological Investigations of Human Amnesia: Insights Into the Role of the Medial Temporal Lobes in Cognition

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 732-740 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mieke Verfaellie ◽  
Margaret M. Keane
Keyword(s):  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Medial Temporal Lobes ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Temporal Lobes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Clinical Disorders ◽  
Nuanced Understanding ◽  
The One

AbstractThe past 30 years of research on human amnesia has yielded important changes in our understanding of the role of the medial temporal lobes (MTL) in memory. On the one hand, this body of evidence has highlighted that not all types of memory are impaired in patients with MTL lesions. On the other hand, this research has made apparent that the role of the MTL extends beyond the domain of long-term memory, to include working memory, perception, and future thinking. In this article, we review the discoveries and controversies that have characterized this literature and that set the stage for a new conceptualization of the role of the MTL in cognition. This shift toward a more nuanced understanding of MTL function has direct relevance for a range of clinical disorders in which the MTL is implicated, potentially shaping not only theoretical understanding but also clinical practice. (JINS, 2017, 23, 732–740)

scholarly journals Memorable navigation: Assessing the influence of way-finding in spatial clustering

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvaro Pastor
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Spatial Clustering ◽  
Recall Performance ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Correct Recall ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Medial Temporal Lobes ◽  
Temporal Lobes

Navigating around an environment and remembering the events that took place within it are crucial cognitive abilities that have been linked to the Hippocampus and medial temporal lobes (MTL). Scene Construction Theory (SCT) has proposed that a function of the Hippocampus is the implicit and continuous construction of scenes to help prediction of upcoming environment. Scenes, as highly efficient means of packaging information, underpin in coordination with other brain regions, episodic memory (EM), spatial navigation, future thinking and perhaps even dreaming and mind-wandering. We examined the conditions in which spatial contiguity of stimuli influences the organization of memory by examining spatial clustering (SC) phenomenon. In this research, an augmented reality (AR) system was used to test 14 participants in a spatially dependent memory task which assessed the SC differences between active navigators and passive spectators. We confirmed our hypothesis that navigators use spatial information as part of the retrieval process in free recall, as they tended to sequentially recall any two neighboring otherwise unrelated items. We also found a significant correlation between SC and correct recall performance supporting our second hypothesis. These results may be valuable for design of learning applications, especially dealing with large amounts of data. Research on Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases may also benefit from our approach. Future studies may assess the role of encoding and retrieval modality and participant's use of mnemonic strategies.

scholarly journals Hippocampal Volume Influences The Correlations Between White Matter Disruption and Tau Protein in aMCI and mild AD

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thamires Naela Cardoso Magalhães ◽  
Raphael Fernandes Casseb ◽  
Christian Luiz Baptista Gerbelli ◽  
Luciana Ramalho Pimentel-Silva ◽  
Mateus Henrique Nogueira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Medial Temporal Lobe ◽  
Hippocampal Volume ◽  
Tau Proteins ◽  
Cortical Atrophy ◽  
Medial Temporal Lobes ◽  
Temporal Lobes ◽  
Prodromal Ad ◽  
Transentorhinal Cortex

Abstract Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is classically considered a grey matter (GM) disease that starts in the transentorhinal cortex and spreads to limbic and neocortical regions. However, white matter (WM) damage could be more severe and widespread than expected cortical atrophy. The role of AD biomarkers and WM integrity throughout the brain is unclear, especially in amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment (aMCI) patients, a possible prodromal AD dementia stage. If WM damage can be detected even before the development of cortical atrophy and overt dementia and in the AD process, Aβ42 Tau (and its phosphorylated form) could directly affect WM. Methods: We analyzed in this study 183 individuals - 48 aMCI in the AD continuum (altered CSF Aβ42), 30 patients with very mild or mild AD dementia and 105 normal controls. All subjects underwent neuropsychological evaluation and MRI exams. aMCI and mild AD individuals were also submitted to CSF puncture to evaluate AD biomarkers.Results: We observed several significant differences in WM integrity regarding the DTI measures between individuals and we found significant correlations between fornix and right cingulum hippocampal tracts and Tau and p-Tau proteins. Conclusions: We hypothesize that significant correlations with tracts anatomically far from more well-established GM atrophic regions, like medial temporal lobes, would support a more direct effect of pathological proteins on WM, whereas medial temporal lobe (MTL) correlations would favor WD and/or a direct spreading of pathology from the hippocampus.

A Bad Moment with the Light’. No-Sex Couples: The Role of Autistic-Contiguous Anxieties

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenny Berg
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Functioning ◽  
Declarative Memory ◽  
Sense Of Self ◽  
Early Experience ◽  
Sexual Relationship ◽  
Adverse Experiences ◽  
The Impact

This paper explores the impact of adverse experiences in infancy, before an adequate sense of self, or ego, is formed, on the sexual functioning of a couple. The author utilises Thomas Ogden's (1989) concept of an autistic-contiguous phase of development, and the idea that a lack of ‘good enough’ holding (Winnicott, 1956) leaves the infant with an inadequately internalised ego. This results in the lack of a capacity for self-containment, and an ongoing vulnerability to overwhelming experiences of fragmentation. Due to the sensory nature of early experience, which is not accessible in declarative memory, this vulnerability is potentially re-evoked in a sensory domain, such as in a couple's sexual relationship. When two individuals with this underlying lack become a couple, they unconsciously seek an experience of containment, which neither has the capacity to offer. Defences against recognising this shared deficit can result in a collusive fused dynamic that may veto the sensory aspects of relating, including sex. If this embargo is lifted, the psychic fusion maintaining integration for the couple is sundered. With two individuals experiencing psychic collapse can the temporary containment offered by couple psychotherapy adequately deal with this degree of underlying disorganisation?

Does the Medial Temporal Lobe Bind Phonological Memories?

2001 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 593-609 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond Knott ◽  
William Marslen-Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Lobe ◽  
Medial Temporal Lobe ◽  
Lexical Representation ◽  
Phonological Memory ◽  
Distinctive Pattern ◽  
Medial Temporal Lobes ◽  
Phonological Representations ◽  
Temporal Lobes ◽  
Phonological Errors

The medial temporal lobes play a central role in the consolidation of new memories. Medial temporal lesions impair episodic learning in amnesia, and disrupt vocabulary acquisition. To investigate the role of consolidation processes in phonological memory and to understand where and how, in amnesia, these processes begin to fail, we reexamined phonological memory in the amnesic patient HM. While HM's word span performance was normal, his supraspan recall was shown to be markedly impaired, with his recall characterized by a distinctive pattern of phonological errors, where he recombined phonemes from the original list to form new response words. These were similar to errors observed earlier for patients with specifically semantic deficits. Amnesic Korsakoff's patients showed a similar, though much less marked, pattern. We interpret the data in terms of a model of lexical representation where temporal lobe damage disrupts the processes that normally bind semantic and phonological representations.

Episodic encoding and recognition of pictures and words: role of the human medial temporal lobes

2000 ◽  
Vol 105 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 159-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Köhler ◽  
Morris Moscovitch ◽  
Gordon Winocur ◽  
Anthony R McIntosh
Keyword(s):  
Medial Temporal Lobes ◽  
Temporal Lobes ◽  
Episodic Encoding ◽  
Pictures And Words

Visual Working Memory Is Impaired when the Medial Temporal Lobe Is Damaged

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 1087-1097 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingrid R. Olson ◽  
Katherine Sledge Moore ◽  
Marianna Stark ◽  
Anjan Chatterjee
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Medial Temporal Lobe ◽  
Memory Load ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Medial Temporal Lobes ◽  
Temporal Lobes ◽  
Impaired Memory ◽  
Rehearsal Strategies ◽  
Verbal Component

The canonical description of the role of the medial temporal lobes (MTLs) in memory is that short-term forms of memory (e.g., working memory [WM]) are spared when the MTL is damaged, but longer term forms of memory are impaired. Tests used to assess this have typically had a heavy verbal component, potentially allowing explicit rehearsal strategies to maintain the WM trace over the memory delay period. Here we test the hypothesis that the MTL is necessary for visual WM when verbal rehearsal strategies are difficult to implement. In three patients with MTL damage we found impairments in spatial, face, and color WM, at delays as short as 4 sec. Impaired memory could not be attributed to memory load or perceptual problems. These findings suggest that the MTLs are critical for accurate visual WM.

scholarly journals Hippocampal Volume Influences the Correlations Between White Matter Disruption and Tau Protein in aMCI and mild AD

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thamires Naela Cardoso Magalhães ◽  
Raphael Fernandes Casseb ◽  
Christian Luiz Baptista Gerbelli ◽  
Mateus Henrique Nogueira ◽  
Luciana Ramalho Pimentel-Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medial Temporal Lobe ◽  
Hippocampal Volume ◽  
Cortical Atrophy ◽  
Medial Temporal Lobes ◽  
Temporal Lobes ◽  
Prodromal Ad ◽  
Transentorhinal Cortex ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Normal Controls

Abstract BackgroundAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is classically considered a grey matter (GM) disease that starts in transentorhinal cortex and spread to limbic and neocortical regions. However, withe matter (WM) damage could be more severe and widespread than expected cortical atrophy. It is not clear the role of AD biomarkers and WM integrity throughout the brain, especially including amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment (aMCI) patients, a possible prodromal AD dementia stage, if WM damage can be detected even before the development of cortical atrophy and overt dementia and in AD process, Aβ42 Tau (and its phosphorylated form) could directly affect WM.MethodsWe analyzed in this study 183 individuals - 48 aMCI in the AD continuum (altered CSF Aβ42), 30 patients with very mild or mild AD dementia and 105 normal controls. All subjects underwent neuropsychological evaluation and MRI exam. aMCI and mild AD individuals were also submitted to CSF puncture to evaluate AD biomarkers.ResultsWe observed several significant differences in WM integrity regarding the DTI measures between individuals and we found significant correlations between fornix and right cingulum hippocampal tracts and Tau and p-Tau proteins.ConclusionsWe hypothesize that significant correlations with tracts anatomically far from more well-established GM atrophic regions, like medial temporal lobes, would support a more direct effect of pathological proteins on WM, whereas medial temporal lobe (MTL) correlations would favor WD and/or a direct spreading of pathology from hippocampus.

scholarly journals Dissociable medial temporal pathways for encoding emotional item and context information

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maureen Ritchey ◽  
Shao-Fang Wang ◽  
Andrew P. Yonelinas ◽  
Charan Ranganath
Keyword(s):  
Source Memory ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Medial Temporal Lobes ◽  
Temporal Lobes ◽  
Double Dissociation ◽  
Parahippocampal Cortex ◽  
Hippocampal Activity ◽  
Amygdala Activity

AbstractEmotional experiences are typically remembered with a greater sense of recollection than neutral experiences, but memory benefits for emotional items do not typically extend to their source contexts. Item and source memory have been attributed to different subregions of the medial temporal lobes (MTL), but it is unclear how emotional item recollection fits into existing models of MTL function and, in particular, what is the role of the hippocampus. To address these issues, we used high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine MTL contributions to successful emotional item and context encoding. The results showed that emotional items were recollected more often than neutral items. Whereas amygdala and perirhinal cortex (PRC) activity supported the recollection advantage for emotional items, hippocampal and parahippocampal cortex activity predicted subsequent source memory for both types of items, reflecting a double dissociation between anterior and posterior MTL regions. In addition, amygdala activity during encoding modulated the relationships of PRC activity and hippocampal activity to subsequent item recollection and source memory, respectively. Specifically, whereas PRC activity best predicted subsequent item recollection when amygdala activity was relatively low, hippocampal activity best predicted source memory when amygdala activity was relatively high. We interpret these findings in terms of complementary compared to synergistic amygdala-MTL interactions. The results suggest that emotion-related enhancements in item recollection are supported by an amygdala-PRC pathway, which is separable from the hippocampal pathway that binds items to their source context.

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