Cutaneous challenge with chemical warfare agents in the SKH-1 hairless mouse (II): Effects of some currently used skin decontaminants (RSDL and Fuller’s earth) against liquid sulphur mustard and VX exposure

2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 491-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Taysse ◽  
F. Dorandeu ◽  
S. Daulon ◽  
A. Foquin ◽  
N. Perrier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surrogate Marker ◽  
Chemical Warfare Agents ◽  
Companion Paper ◽  
Hairless Mouse ◽  
Chemical Warfare ◽  
Sulphur Mustard ◽  
Ethyl Methyl ◽  
Warfare Agents ◽  
Fuller’S Earth

Using the hairless mouse screening model presented in the companion paper1 the aim of this study was to assess two skin decontaminating systems: Fuller’s earth (FE) and Reactive Skin Decontamination Lotion (RSDL) against two extremely toxic chemical warfare agents that represent a special percutaneous hazard, sulphur mustard (SM) and O-ethyl-S-(2[di-isopropylamino]ethyl)methyl-phosphonothioate (VX). Five minutes after being exposed on the back to either 2 µL of neat sulphur mustard or 50 µg.kg-1 of diluted VX, mice were decontaminated. Both systems were able to reduce blisters 3 days after SM exposure. However, RSDL was found to be more efficient than FE in reducing the necrosis of the epidermis and erosion. In the case of VX exposure, RSDL, whatever the ratio of decontaminant to toxicant used (RSDL 10, 20, 50), was not able to sufficiently prevent the inhibition of plasma cholinesterases taken as a surrogate marker of exposure and toxicity. Only FE reduced significantly the ChE inhibition. Some of these observations are different from our previous results obtained in domestic swine and these changes are thus discussed in the perspective of using SKH-1 hairless mice for the initial in vivo screening of decontaminants.

Cutaneous challenge with chemical warfare agents in the SKH-1 hairless mouse. (I) Development of a model for screening studies in skin decontamination and protection

2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 470-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Dorandeu ◽  
L. Taysse ◽  
I. Boudry ◽  
A. Foquin ◽  
F. Hérodin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Mustard ◽  
Chemical Warfare Agents ◽  
Skin Penetration ◽  
Companion Paper ◽  
Hairless Mouse ◽  
Chemical Warfare ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Liquid Form ◽  
Warfare Agents

Exposure to lethal chemical warfare agents (CWAs) is no longer only a military issue due to the terrorist threat. Among the CWAs of concern are the organophosphorus nerve agent O-ethyl-S-(2[di-isopropylamino]ethyl)methyl-phosphonothioate (VX) and the vesicant sulfur mustard (SM). Although efficient means of decontamination are available, most of them lose their efficacy when decontamination is delayed after exposure of the bare skin. Alternatively, CWA skin penetration can be prevented by topical skin protectants. Active research in skin protection and decontamination is thus paramount. In vivo screening of decontaminants or skin protectants is usually time consuming and may be expensive depending on the animal species used. We were thus looking for a suitable, scientifically sound and cost-effective model, which is easy to handle. The euthymic hairless mouse Crl: SKH-1 (hr/hr) BR is widely used in some skin studies and has previously been described to be suitable for some experiments involving SM or SM analogs. To evaluate the response of this species, we studied the consequences of exposing male anaesthetized SKH-1 mice to either liquid VX or to SM, the latter being used in liquid form or as saturated vapours. Long-term effects of SM burn were also evaluated. The model was then used in the companion paper (Taysse et al.1).

Nanomaterials based Decontamination Formulation for use in Personal Decontamination Kit Against Chemical Warfare Agents

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
G. K. Prasad ◽  
Anshoo Gautam ◽  
G. M. Kannan ◽  
J. Acharya ◽  
A. K. Gupta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tio2 Nanoparticles ◽  
Zno Nanoparticles ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Chemical Warfare Agents ◽  
Chemical Warfare ◽  
Mgo Nanoparticles ◽  
Sulphur Mustard ◽  
Metal Metal ◽  
Warfare Agents ◽  
Fuller’S Earth

<p>Present paper relates to nanomaterials based decontamination formulation made up of TiO2, MgO, and ZnO nanoparticles for the use against chemical warfare agents. This decontamination formulation was prepared by mixing 90 per cent of TiO2 nanoparticles of 5-15 nm size range, 8 per cent of MgO nanoparticles of 5-15 nm size range, and 2 per cent of ZnO nanoparticles of 20-30 nm size range. Prepared formulation exhibited 98-99 per cent of physical removal efficiency against contaminated glass, rubber, painted metal, metal surfaces. It efficiently removed chemical warfare agents from contaminated skin thus ameliorating chances of fatality which is expected due to skin penetrated chemical warfare agents. It also chemically degraded 97 per cent of sulphur mustard in 24 h, 99.9 per cent of sarin in 2 h, respectively unlike Fuller’s earth which chemically degraded only 63 per cent of sulphur mustard and 59 per cent of sarin in 24 h .</p>

The in vitro efficacy of haemostatic products in the presence of chemical warfare agents—Sulphur mustard (HD) and VX

Toxicology ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 262 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte A. Hall ◽  
Helen L. Lydon ◽  
Christopher H. Dalton ◽  
J. Kevin Chipman ◽  
Robert P. Chilcott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Warfare Agents ◽  
Chemical Warfare ◽  
Sulphur Mustard ◽  
Warfare Agents

Some Possibilities to Study New Prophylactics against Nerve Agents

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 970-979 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Bajgar ◽  
J. Kassa ◽  
T. Kucera ◽  
K. Musilek ◽  
D. Jun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cholinesterase Inhibitors ◽  
Chemical Warfare Agents ◽  
Nerve Agents ◽  
Chemical Warfare ◽  
Huperzine A ◽  
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition ◽  
Effective Prophylaxis ◽  
Warfare Agents

Nerve agents belong to the most dangerous chemical warfare agents and can be/were misused by terrorists. Effective prophylaxis and treatment is necessary to diminish their effect. General principles of prophylaxis are summarized (protection against acetylcholinesterase inhibition, detoxification, treatment “in advance” and use of different drugs). They are based on the knowledge of mechanism of action of nerve agents. Among different examinations, it is necessary to test prophylactic effectivity in vivo and compare the results with protection in vitro. Chemical and biological approaches to the development of new prophylactics would be applied simultaneously during this research. Though the number of possible prophylactics is relatively high, the only four drugs were introduced into military medical practice. At present, pyridostigmine seems to be common prophylactic antidote; prophylactics panpal (tablets with pyridostigmine, trihexyphenidyl and benactyzine), transant (transdermal patch containing HI-6) are other means introduced into different armies as prophylactics. Scavenger commercionally available is Protexia®. Future development will be focused on scavengers, and on other drugs either reversible cholinesterase inhibitors (e.g., huperzine A, gallantamine, physostigmine, acridine derivatives) or other compounds.

Degradation of GD and VX over Oxides Mixing with Bleaching Powder

2012 ◽  
Vol 616-618 ◽  
pp. 1702-1706
Author(s):  
Lian Yuan Wang ◽  
Hai Yan Zhu ◽  
Zhen Xing Cheng ◽  
Meng Meng Ma ◽  
Jing Liang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Surface Acidity ◽  
Chemical Warfare Agents ◽  
Chemical Warfare ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Base Property ◽  
Bleaching Powder ◽  
Ethyl Methyl ◽  
Warfare Agents ◽  
Acid Base Property

Nanosize oxides with acidic or basic sites could neutralize the droplets of chemical warfare agents. Refined bleaching powder was added to increase the reactivity of the nanosize oxides for degradation of GD(3,3-dimethyl-2-butyl methylphophonofluoridate or Soman) and VX(O-ehtyl S-2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl methyl-phosphonothioate). It was found that all the studied decontaminant powders exhibited room-temperature reactivity for GD and VX droplets which depends on their surface acid–base property. Decontaminant powders with basicity like nanosize MgO have the best activity towards GD and the degradation rate was improved obviously for N-MgO due to the adding of refined bleaching powder. However, surface acidity was very important for neutralizing VX over the decontaminant powders.

scholarly journals Acute Toxicity and Efficacy of Nanomaterial based Decontamination Formulation Developed for Personal Decontamination against Chemical Warfare Agents

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-54
Author(s):  
Anshoo Gautam ◽  
Gangavarapu K. Prasad ◽  
Deeksha Singh ◽  
Rajagopalan Vijayaraghavan
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Skin Irritation ◽  
Chemical Warfare Agents ◽  
Chemical Warfare ◽  
The Body ◽  
Respiratory Pattern ◽  
Histological Evaluation ◽  
Warfare Agents ◽  
Body Weight Index

Background: This study addresses the efficacy of nanomaterials based formulation developed for personal decontamination application against chemical warfare agents and used in Personal Decontamination Kit (PDK). It has the potential to decontaminate the skin of an individual, protective equipment, and small arms contaminated with chemical warfare agents. As this formulation has been developed for personal decontamination, risk of nanomaterial toxicity would always be there while sprinkling or applying to the affected area. It may get into the body through various routes specifically through the inhalation route. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate in vivo decontamination efficiency of the formulation and acute inhalation, intratracheal, intranasal, oral, dermal, and intraperitoneal toxicity of the formulation. Materials and Methods: 14 days survival was recorded for the evaluation of decontamination efficiency of this formulation. Various endpoints were considered while assessing the toxicity of Nanomaterial Decontamination Formulation which include Organ Body Weight Index (OBWI), serum biochemical parameters, and respiratory variables like tidal volume, respiratory rate, time of inspiration, time of expiration, etc. LD50 of the formulation were also determined for various routes. As skin is the primary organ to come in contact with the decontaminant, its primary skin irritation response has also been determined in this study. Results and Conclusion: It was found that there is no gross acute toxicity observed at different doses. Though there were some changes in the initial respiratory pattern, they were all later recovered. The preliminary histological evaluation did not show any adverse effect on various organs after exposure with NDF.

NEUROLOGICAL FEATURES IN CHILDREN AND DIPHENYLARSINIC ACID PROBABLY DERIVED FROM CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENTS

2006 ◽  
Vol 37 (S 1) ◽  
Author(s):  
N Iwasaki ◽  
S Miyamoto ◽  
K Ishii ◽  
T Takeda ◽  
T Ohto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Warfare Agents ◽  
Chemical Warfare ◽  
Warfare Agents ◽  
Neurological Features
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