scholarly journals Controlling response dependence in the measurement of change using the Rasch model

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (12) ◽  
pp. 3709-3725 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Andrich
Keyword(s):  
Rasch Model ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Measurement Of Change ◽  
Location Parameters ◽  
Response Dependence ◽  
The Individual ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Rasch Model ◽  
Research And Policy

The advantages of using person location estimates from the Rasch model over raw scores for the measurement of change using a common test include the linearization of scores and the automatic handling of statistical properties of repeated measurements. However, the application of the model requires that the responses to the items are statistically independent in the sense that the specific responses to the items on the first time of testing do not affect the responses at a second time. This requirement implies that the responses to the items at both times of assessment are governed only by the invariant location parameters of the items at the two times of testing and the location parameters of each person each time. A specific form of dependence that is pertinent when the same items are used is when the observed response to an item at the second time of testing is affected by the response to the same item at the first time, a form of dependence which has been referred to as response dependence. This paper presents the logic of applying the Rasch model to quantify, control and remove the effect of response dependence in the measurement of change when the same items are used on two occasions. The logic is illustrated with four sets of simulation studies with dichotomous items and with a small example of real data. It is shown that the presence of response dependence can reduce the evidence of change, a reduction which may impact interpretations at the individual, research, and policy levels.

scholarly journals Conditional or Pseudo Exact Tests with an Application in the Context of Modeling Response Times

Psych ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 198-208
Author(s):  
Clemens Draxler ◽  
Stephan Dahm
Keyword(s):  
Power Function ◽  
Rasch Model ◽  
Power Analysis ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Research Context ◽  
Large Sample Theory ◽  
The Rasch Model

This paper treats a so called pseudo exact or conditional approach of testing assumptions of a psychometric model known as the Rasch model. Draxler and Zessin derived the power function of such tests. They provide an alternative to asymptotic or large sample theory, i.e., chi square tests, since they are also valid in small sample scenarios. This paper suggests an extension and applies it in a research context of investigating the effects of response times. In particular, the interest lies in the examination of the influence of response times on the unidimensionality assumption of the model. A real data example is provided which illustrates its application, including a power analysis of the test, and points to possible drawbacks.

An Algorithm for Testing Unidimensionality and Clustering Items in Rasch Measurement

2012 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rudolf Debelak ◽  
Martin Arendasy
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Rasch Model ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster Analysis ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Rasch Measurement ◽  
Local Independence ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Components Analysis ◽  
The Rasch Model

A new approach to identify item clusters fitting the Rasch model is described and evaluated using simulated and real data. The proposed method is based on hierarchical cluster analysis and constructs clusters of items that show a good fit to the Rasch model. It thus gives an estimate of the number of independent scales satisfying the postulates of sufficiency of total number of correctly answered items for a person’s proficiency, unidimensionality, and local independence that can be constructed from an item set. The method is also compared with the application of a principal components analysis based on tetrachoric correlations. In general, the proposed method was shown to provide practically usable results especially for large person samples.

scholarly journals Child development with the D-score: turning milestones into measurement

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
Stef van Buuren ◽  
Iris Eekhout
Keyword(s):  
Child Development ◽  
Rasch Model ◽  
Model Evaluation ◽  
List Item ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
List Type ◽  
Quantitative Methodology ◽  
Basic Understanding ◽  
The Rasch Model

The chapter equips the reader with a basic understanding of robust psychometric methods that are needed to turn developmental milestones into measurements, introducing the fundamental issues in defining a unit for child development and demonstrates the relevant quantitative methodology. It reviews quantitative approaches to measuring child development;introduces the Rasch model in a non-technical way;shows how to estimate model parameters from real data;puts forth a set of principles for model evaluation and assessment of scale quality;analyses the relation between early D-scores and later intelligence;and compares the D-scores from three studies that all use the same instrument.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Ruff 2 & 7 Test of Attention with the Rasch Poisson Counts Model

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-11
Author(s):  
Mahsa Nadri ◽  
Purya Baghaei ◽  
Zahra Zohoorian
Keyword(s):  
Item Response ◽  
Rasch Model ◽  
Internal Validity ◽  
Measurement Model ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Theory Analysis ◽  
Item Response Theory Analysis ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Rasch Model ◽  
Poisson Counts

Background:Attention is a basic neurocognitive function which is a prerequisite for performance on more complex cognitive tasks. The Ruff 2 & 7 test is a well-known measure of attention with a well-supported theoretical and empirical underpinnings.Objective:The Ruff 2 & 7 test, has not been subjected to rigorous item response theory analysis yet. The purpose of this research was to examine the fit of the Ruff 2 & 7 test to the Rasch Poisson Counts Model (RPCM).Methods:Responses of 138 nonclinical subjects to the Ruff 2 & 7 test were analyzed with the RPCM measurement model using ‘lme4’ package in R. The fit of the individual items (blocks) and the overall test to the model were examined.Results:Findings showed that three out of seven scoring techniques fit the Rasch model. The scoring techniques which fitted the model were total number of characters cancelled, total number of characters correctly cancelled, and total number of characters correctly cancelled minus errors of commission.Conclusion:Three of the scoring techniques fit the RPCM which support the internal validity of the test when these scoring procedures were employed. Therefore, the Ruff 2 & 7 test is psychometrically uni-dimensional when these three scores are computed.

A new approach of testing the Rasch model

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Kubinger ◽  
D. Rasch ◽  
T. Yanagida
Keyword(s):  
Rasch Model ◽  
New Approach ◽  
The Rasch Model

Victorian Pain

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Ablow
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Victorian Literature ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Charles Darwin ◽  
Harriet Martineau ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Natural Philosophers ◽  
First Time

The nineteenth century introduced developments in science and medicine that made the eradication of pain conceivable for the first time. This new understanding of pain brought with it a complex set of moral and philosophical dilemmas. If pain serves no obvious purpose, how do we reconcile its existence with a well-ordered universe? Examining how writers of the day engaged with such questions, this book offers a compelling new literary and philosophical history of modern pain. The book provides close readings of novelists Charlotte Brontë and Thomas Hardy and political and natural philosophers John Stuart Mill, Harriet Martineau, and Charles Darwin, as well as a variety of medical, scientific, and popular writers of the Victorian age. The book explores how discussions of pain served as investigations into the status of persons and the nature and parameters of social life. No longer conceivable as divine trial or punishment, pain in the nineteenth century came to seem instead like a historical accident suggesting little or nothing about the individual who suffers. A landmark study of Victorian literature and the history of pain, the book shows how these writers came to see pain as a social as well as a personal problem. Rather than simply self-evident to the sufferer and unknowable to anyone else, pain was also understood to be produced between persons—and even, perhaps, by the fictions they read.

A University Education

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Willetts
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
University Education ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Controversial Issues ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The University ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Relationship

Universities have a crucial role in the modern world. In England, entrance to universities is by nation-wide competition which means English universities have an exceptional influence on schools--a striking theme of the book. This important book first investigates the university as an institution and then tracks the individual on their journey to and through university. In A University Education, David Willetts presents a compelling case for the ongoing importance of the university, both as one of the great institutions of modern society and as a transformational experience for the individual. The book also makes illuminating comparisons with higher education in other countries, especially the US and Germany. Drawing on his experience as UK Minister for Universities and Science from 2010 to 2014, the author offers a powerful account of the value of higher education and the case for more expansion. He covers controversial issues in which he was involved from access for disadvantaged students to the introduction of L9,000 fees. The final section addresses some of the big questions for the future, such as the the relationship between universities and business, especially in promoting innovation.. He argues that the two great contemporary trends of globalisation and technological innovation will both change the university significantly. This is an authoritative account of English universities setting them for the first time in their new legal and regulatory framework.

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