Impact of Remittances on Labour Supply and Occupational Choice in Rural India

2021 ◽  
pp. 097300522199437
Author(s):  
Sagarika Dey

This study examines the impact of remittances on the labour market decisions of left behind adult family members in rural households in India. Using both selectivity and endogeniety corrected models, the results find evidence of a dependency effect wherein individuals belonging to remittance receiving households are less inclined to participate in the labour market. These effects are much stronger in case of international remittances. Incidentally, the reduction in work participation was found to larger for males than females. While, on the one hand, domestic remittances were observed to increase the intensity of labour supplied by households, international remittances, on the other hand, were found to be lowering hours of work done by left behind family members. Further, domestic remittances increase the proportion of labour supplied to self-employment activities in agriculture; international remittances, on the contrary, were found to be pushing workers into non-agricultural activities. The differences in the impact of domestic and international remittances on labour market participation and work intensity can be attributed to the differences in absolute size of remittances available per capita from the two alternate sources while unobservable household characteristics and locational factors can explain the variations in intra-household labour allocation across activities.

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 69-90
Author(s):  
Kanhaiya Sapkota

Though, the migration process and its impact in the household economy has been extensively studied in the academic sectors, but much less attention has been given to the impact of female labor migration on the family members who are left behind at home. This paper attempts to determine socio-economic structure of female labor migrants from Tanahun District of Gandaki Province, Nepal. Similarly, it also attempts to analyze the causes of female migration, process and dynamics of foreign labor migration and its impact on the left behind family specially children and elder citizens at home. For this purpose, 180 households have been purposefully selected from three municipalities and conducted household survey through snowball methods. According to the survey findings, married women are preferred to go for abroad, whereas the age of migration is after 30 years. Literate are very less migrated for foreign labor. Majority of the female migrants preferred to go to Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)countries and then other countries, i.e. Malaysia, Lebanon, etc. There are both positive and negative impacts clearly observed. The positive impacts of remittance to support for the poverty alleviation at household level, enhance educational and health facilities as well as improve housing conditions. But, the negative impacts, especially on children are appeared, i.e. care deficit, aggressive behavior, physical abuse, deteriorating health condition and school dropout. To, eliminate or reduce negative impact, government should take initiation and formulate effective policies that can maximize positive effects.


2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 397-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hermes Augusto Costa

Twenty five years after Portuguese EU accession, the labour market in general and the trade unions in particular are faced with severely regressive social measures that undermine past expectations of progress towards the achievement of the Social Europe project in Portugal. Thus, on the one hand, this article identifies some of the ambitions and possibilities earlier opened up for the Portuguese labour market, as well as trade union attitudes to European integration. It is argued, on the other hand, that, in the context of the economic crisis and the austerity measures to which Portugal is subjected, the sense of Portugal’s backwardness in relation to the ‘European project’ has become more acute. The article accordingly focuses on and examines some of the austerity measures and certain controversial issues associated with them. In a final section, the impact of austerity on labour relations and the reactions of social partners, in particular the trade unions, are analysed.


Author(s):  
Bekhzod Egamberdiev ◽  
Dilshod Zoirov

More than billion international and internal migrations around the world as well as the relationship between migrant and its family members have been one of the most discussed policy questions for several years. Main purpose of the paper is to examine the impact of labor migration on household, in order to address arising social problems due to the migration of family member. To find the impact, it was used secondary data named "Life in Kyrgyzstan" which is research based, open access and multi-topic longitudinal survey of households in Kyrgyzstan. It includes more than 3000 households which were recorded from 2010 to 2013. The result of the research is: there is a positive impact of remittances on child education, while negative on nonfood spending. Also housing condition is directly related with migration and significant impact can be seen in terms of facilities and type of household. Based on findings, it was provided some policy recommendations to simplicity of the social and other issues in the household of migrant's. One of the recommendations is: The Government of Kyrgyzstan should pay high attention on keeping citizens inside the country and should consider about shifting its policies which encourage labor migration, instead it should pay more attention on development of small and medium enterprise supporting method, which actually helps to create several number of job positions.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sita Jayaraman ◽  
Harald Bauder

Much of the research on the settlement sector focuses on the impact of settlement programs on the integration of immigrants. The settlement sector as a field of employment for immigrant women is still an emerging field for research. This working paper examines the experiences of immigrant women working in the settlement sector and compares Germany with Canada in this respect. The central thesis is that immigrant women working in this sector experience occupational segmentation based on their gender, race, and immigration status. Our research findings support this thesis, suggesting that the settlement sector is a deeply segmented labour market where, on the one hand, language and cultural competencies facilitate the employment of racialized immigrant women, while on the other hand, the positions these women occupy are characterized by precarious working conditions with limited opportunities for professional growth. These similar labour market outcomes occur in Germany and Canada, despite the rather different structures of the settlement sector in the two countries. Keywords: immigrant women, labour market experiences, settlement services, occupational segmentation


2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-418
Author(s):  
John Bosco Nnyanzi

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the macro-economic and institutional drivers of remittance inflows to Africa. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses an enhanced gravity model in a random effects framework to test two hypotheses dominant in literature as well as the institutional quality hypothesis. A bilateral data set is created from the most recent available remittance data set to afford the capture of the impact of the selected macro-economic variables from both the host and recipient countries. Findings The results provide support for the trio hypotheses. A key finding is the co-existence of altruism and self-interest motives. Also, control of corruption, financial development and a reduction in unofficial economic activity are observed to facilitate remittance inflows. The authors confirm the resilience of remittances during the global crisis and document a positive significant relationship between remittance inflows on the one hand and host migration stock, age dependency, etc., on the other. Practical implications This paper generates various insights in the design of relevant macro-economic and institutional policies to enhance remittance inflows and the productive use of the same for purposes of economic growth and development via poverty reduction and secure resource flow. Originality/value The majority of previous studies on the determinants of remittance inflows have basically focussed on the microeconomic variables, an approach that could understate the macro-economic impact of remittances and lead to inadequate policy formulation. The use of an enhanced gravity model on a newly created bilateral data set in the analysis is a nuance in the economics of remittances. Besides, previous studies have often ignored the institutional environment as critical in the remittance-determinant model.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sita Jayaraman ◽  
Harald Bauder

Much of the research on the settlement sector focuses on the impact of settlement programs on the integration of immigrants. The settlement sector as a field of employment for immigrant women is still an emerging field for research. This working paper examines the experiences of immigrant women working in the settlement sector and compares Germany with Canada in this respect. The central thesis is that immigrant women working in this sector experience occupational segmentation based on their gender, race, and immigration status. Our research findings support this thesis, suggesting that the settlement sector is a deeply segmented labour market where, on the one hand, language and cultural competencies facilitate the employment of racialized immigrant women, while on the other hand, the positions these women occupy are characterized by precarious working conditions with limited opportunities for professional growth. These similar labour market outcomes occur in Germany and Canada, despite the rather different structures of the settlement sector in the two countries. Keywords: immigrant women, labour market experiences, settlement services, occupational segmentation


2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 349-365
Author(s):  
Viktoriia DRUZHYNINA ◽  
Yuliia VIEDIENINA ◽  
Lesia SAKUN ◽  
Ganna LIKHONOSOVA

The multiple analysis of rate of dependency between innovative processes and structural labour market changes in the form of evolution in sector of employment was exposed in the article. It has been proved that the impact of innovations on the labour market can be considered, on the one hand, as a part of multi-factor socio-economic macro-, meso-, micro-level systems, which makes a direct or indirect impact on state of other elements of system and which is under its influence at this time; on the other hand, as an open, dynamic, flexible system, functioning of which leads to socio-economic resources development. The definition of labour market has been suggested as a system of socio-economic relations between workers, employers and society (organizations and institutes) for realization of ability to work, supporting social guarantees, approximation of parties’ interests of labour relations, state`s interests, legal control of terms of employment etc. The analysis of structural changes, which take place in the labour market of different levels administrative territorial state`s structure by means of innovations, covers the period 2012-2017. The impact of innovations on employment is associated with `creative destruction` where innovations, on the one hand, ruin current workplaces and, on the other hand, create new ones. Analysis has demonstrated that employment increasing and related structural improvements are determined by kind of incorporated innovations. Organizational innovations have more impact on size and structure of employment, than technological ones. The practical importance of the research involves developing of methodological and practical aspects of choosing multiple approach in relation to innovation analysis as a determinant of structural labour market changes. The originality of the research is reflected in the comprehensive creative analysis of innovations from the point of view of activation of the youth labour market in Ukraine. The key factors of the low level of involvement of young citizens in the country's economy and society are identified. The authors have suggested the prospects for the development of the youth labour market, the elimination of youth unemployment, which are conditioned by the peculiarities of the social condition and employment behaviour of young people. The need to study the experience of European countries is emphasized, where training in the working professions is well organized and the youth unemployment rate is the lowest in Europe. Distinctiveness. Conducted researches let to confirm attained results in relation to choosing implements for coping with current troubles and disproportions in society. Implementation of multiply approach of analysis and diagnostics of correlation of innovations and employment will make a direct impact on supporting living standards and progressive socio-economic state`s development. The monitoring of solidarity of actions of public communities, government agencies, enterprise structures will ensure attainment of active increasing of innovation technologies, high living standards level, that will offer some new opportunities for business environment in relation to labour productiveness maintaining method and equivalent income level from enterprise activity, will solve the unemployment and labour migration issues, create some new flexible forms of employment, increase the level of state`s competitiveness in global economy facilities. Key Words: creative analysing, diagnostics, employment of population, innovations, multiple approach


2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 819-831 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Armstrong ◽  
Justine Underhill ◽  
Ken Epstein ◽  
Thomas J. Metzler ◽  
Tahl D. Sendowski ◽  
...  

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (211) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Franjo ◽  
Nathalie Pouokam ◽  
Francesco Turino

In this paper we build a model of occupational choice with informal production and progressive income taxation. We calibrate the model to the Brazilian economy to evaluate the impact of removing financial frictions on informality. We find that financial deepening leads to a drop in the size of the informal sector (from 37 percent to 22 percent of official GDP), to an increase in measured TFP (by 4 percent), to an increase in official GDP (by 27 percent), to a decrease in tax evasion (by 17 percent) and to an increase in fiscal revenues (by 15 percent). When assessing the response of this policy at different levels of financial development, we find a non-linear relationship between the credit-to-GDP ratio on the one hand, and either the size of the informal economy, or GDP per capita on the other hand. We test these features with cross-country data and find evidence in favor of both types of non-linearity. We also investigate changes in the income tax progressitivity as an alternative policy and find it to be more effective in countries with a medium to high level of financial markets development.


2020 ◽  
pp. 000169932097169
Author(s):  
Liza Reisel ◽  
Marjan Nadim ◽  
Idunn Brekke

This article compares how having a child with special needs shapes the labour market adaptations of immigrant and majority mothers. We use longitudinal data from Norwegian public registers including all women who gave birth between 2001 and 2005 ( N = 104,988), and follow the mothers from two years before birth to four years after birth. We find generally large differences in employment and income among immigrant and majority mothers. Majority mothers typically adapt to the intensified care responsibilities associated with having a child with special needs by working somewhat less, but most importantly by combining work with high levels of long-term sickness absence. By contrast, immigrant mothers substantially reduce their work intensity (as measured through labour earnings) after childbirth regardless of whether their child has special needs. Among immigrant mothers whose child has special needs, we do not find elevated sickness absence levels comparable to that of majority mothers. Given the already reduced work intensity among immigrant mothers in the years following the birth of their child, we do not find additional labour market consequences of intensified care responsibilities within this group of mothers.


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