Foreign Labor Migration Causes and Impacts in Nepal

This paper reflects the situation of foreign labour migration of Nepalese People. Globally, foreign labour migration is in increasing trends. In Nepalese context also foreign labour migration is being more important for employment mainly among unemployed people and youths who entered in labour force market. The number of foreign labour migrants and share of remittance in terms of GDP has increased. This article is based on secondary sources of information. The Global Commission on International Migration (GCIM) describes the driving forces in international migration in terms of “3Ds” (development, demography and democracy). In one side foreign labour migration has contributed to reduce poverty level and in other the income gap among migrants and non-migrants been increased. In addition, due to mail domination in foreign labour migration the role of women has been changed in households and society. It has contributed women empowerment mainly in male labour migrant’s households. Migration has occurred throughout history, and current trends certainly indicate that it will continue to increase in the future. The forces of globalization have created opportunities for greater integration of labour market globally.

CHINESE BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE IN THE COUNTRIES OF THE GULF COOPERATION COUNCIL

China's relations with the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries have expanded significantly in recent years, especially in the areas of geopolitics, economics, trade, finance, banking, infrastructure, energy and security. China is deepening its economic cooperation with the GCC monarchies through the China-Arab Cooperation Forum (CASCF) and the China-GCC Framework Agreement. A mechanism that can strengthen trade relations is the FTA between China and the GCC. The Chinese New Silk Road Initiative (NSRI) was accepted by all GCC countries that became members or perspective members of the Chinese-led Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB). The NSRI project called "Industrial Park - Connecting ports, Two-Wheel and Two-Wing Approach" would provide the basis for consolidating China-built industrial parks in key cities of the GCC with regional ports to create business clusters, increase trade flows, and connect supply chains across the region. The future of relations between China and the GCC oil-producing countries will be based on strong, less fluid building blocks, which has facilitated alignment of the NSRI with the national development concepts of the GCC countries. All, are designed to diversify their economies from a single-resource rentier model to a post-oil model, with the necessary transition to manage their dependence on foreign labor, public sector employment and heavily subsidized utilities.

Acordos entre Espanha e países do Norte da África como mecanismos de controle das migrações irregulares nos anos 2000 | Agreements between Spain and North African countries as a mechanism of irregular migration control in the 2000s

Este artigo analisa como a Espanha securitizou fluxos migratórios irregulares do Norte da África na primeira década dos anos 2000. Esse processo realizou-se com medidas de segurança nas fronteiras, especialmente nas regiões de Ceuta e Melila. Por outro lado, os governos espanhóis ao longo daquela década reavivaram acordos firmados com os africanos ainda nos anos 1990 para readmissão de migrantes e para admissão de indivíduos no mercado de trabalho espanhol. A relação entre Espanha e países africanos foi contraditória, pois enquanto se buscava conter as migrações indesejadas, pretendia-se usar a mão de obra estrangeira para reduzir os custos trabalhistas. Essas contradições são influenciadas pela presença da União Europeia que delibera e atua na temática de migrações na região, um assunto que tem sido um dos principais interesses da agenda de segurança europeia nos últimos anos. Palavras-Chave: Espanha. Fluxos migratórios. Norte da África. ABSTRACTThis paper analyses how Spain securitized irregular migratory flows from North Africa in the 2000s first decade. This process was carried out by security actions at the borders, specially at Ceuta and Melilla regions. On other hand, over the years of 2000s Spanish governments renewed agreements that were signed with Africans in the 1990s to foster readmission of migrants and promote the admission of individuals to the Spanish labor market. Furthermore, the relationship between Spain and African countries was inconsistent due to the fact that at the moment which the contention of unwanted migration was the focus, it was intended to use foreign labor to reduce labor costs. These contradictions are influenced by the presence of the European Union, which deliberates and acts on the issue of migration in the region, a subject that has been one of the main interests of the European security agenda in recent years. Keywords: Spain. Migration flows. North Africa. Recebido em: 24 mai. 2021 | Aceito em: 01 out. 2021.

Migrant Workers on the Russian Labor Market During the COVID-19 Pandemic – Contradictions Between Business Interests and Real Politics

The article proposes a methodology for analyzing labor migration and employment in Russia in the context of the labor market transformation situation during the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of the article is to review the available data on the problems of the labor market and substantiate the objective need for foreign labor based on the forecast of the balance of labor resources and sociological surveys of the population and employers of Russia. The practical significance consists in identifying new trends in labor relations between employers and foreign employees and current business requirements for labor resources from abroad.

Painful Points of Russian Strategic Development

The paper examines the external dependence of the Russian economy in the context of foreign sanctions, the withdrawal of capital from the Russian Federation abroad, the implemented management models of the largest domestic companies (mining sector, banks, retail, communications) and the attraction of cheap labor resources in the interests of domestic business. The thesis that a significant segment of the national economy does not de facto belong to the country is substantiated. It is determined that foreign citizens are allowed to make important corporate decisions at the system level, including attracting foreign labor and withdrawing capital abroad. The example of PJSC "Magnit" shows the replacement of Russian management with a foreign one in the context of the sanctions imposed against the Russian Federation. It is estimated that as of the end of 2020, about 50% of the country's GDP has been accumulated and placed abroad in the form of direct and portfolio investments from the Russian Federation. The response measures taken in the Russian Federation to foreign sanctions pressure could not reverse this negative situation. The replacement of the indigenous population of the Russian Federation by labor migrants with their gradual consolidation on the territory of the country in the future may lead to social and political risks that can manifest themselves most extensively during the internal crisis. The implementation of a nationally oriented scenario of socio-economic development remains difficult. This course of development can be implemented if the current model of the functioning of the national economy changes.

Youth Unemployment and Productivity-Pay in the GCC Countries

Although the total youth unemployment rate in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries is less than in other high-income countries, the female youth unemployment rate is more than quadruple the male youth unemployment rate compared to equal rates in high-income countries. The gender bias in youth unemployment is attributable to the generous social contract GCC nationals enjoy as well as the largely conservative GCC culture that perceives a more important role of women in the household than in the job market. The generous social contract is also a key factor in the duality of the GCC labor markets with one segment for national labor and the other for foreign labor. Foreign labor constitutes most of the labor force, and the link between pay and productivity is strong in the foreign labor segment indicating labor market efficiency. This chapter investigates whether the presence of strong pay-productivity links in both labor market segments reduces the national youth unemployment rates in the GCC countries. Empirical evidence shows that linking pay to productivity robustly reduces the total and female youth unemployment rates. The influence is strongest on the female youth unemployment rate, however. Productivity-pay helps reduce youth unemployment and the associated gender bias.

Sociocultural Perception and Living Conditions of Foreign Citizens in Stalingrad in the 1920s – 1930s

Introduction. In the late 1920s Stalingrad was undergoing major industrial construction and reconstruction. Due to the shortage of local labor resources, foreign labor resources were required. The study highlights the nationality and number of the labor force, arrival dates and participation in the city’s public life. Methods and materials. The study used sources from the State Archive of Volgograd Oblast. The Research is based on comparative-historical and descriptive-historical methods. Analysis. Housing was the main issue in Stalingrad. Foreign specialists (Americans, Germans, Austrians, Czechs, Swedes) and their families were provided with housing, but living conditions were harsh. Moreover, despite the fact that salary of foreign labors was higher than salary of locals, foreign specialists still considered it insufficient. Providing foreign specialists with better living conditions, special product delivery and essential goods irritated the locals, whose standard of living was low. Results. Construction of buildings for foreign specialists began in the late 1920s. For local workers of such plants as the Stalingradskiy traktornyy zavod (Stalingrad Tractor Plant), the Barrikady (Titan-Barrikady) and the Krasny Oktyabr construction began in 1933. This helped to improve the city’s housing situation and increase the standard of living and the number of citizens. In 1933 Stalingrad became a major industrial center; by the end of the 1930s, it had become a city with a large population, including foreigners who stayed in Stalingrad, provided training for local specialists, adapted to an unfamiliar social life, and mastered the Russian language.

Initiatives that enable Singapore contractors to improve construction productivity

PurposeThis study examines the initiatives that would enable contractors in Singapore to improve the level of construction productivity.Design/methodology/approachA two-pronged research method was employed: questionnaire survey with contractors (109 responses received) and in-depth interviews with 12 subject matter experts. The questionnaire covered questions such as the current and future improvement measures.FindingsThe results show that the top three motives for achieving high productivity (increase profitability, on time delivery and enhance corporate competitiveness) are underpinned by profit maximization. Factor analysis revealed several categories of productivity improvement strategies. Among these, only site operations category is under the control of contractors. Other important categories include government's initiatives and design factors.Research limitations/implicationsWhile contractors are the producers of built products, their productivity is very much dependent on other factors and other parties. The long-standing exhortation to contractors to improve productivity is necessary but not a sufficient condition to improve it.Practical implicationsRecommendations are provided for the government, designers, contractors and other stakeholders on what can be done to improve productivity.Originality/valueThis research adds to knowledge by showing that contractors' top motives for high productivity relate to self-seeking behavior to maximize profit. Prior to this study, productivity improvement is considered the responsibility of contractors. This study shows that two other stakeholders also hold the key to productivity improvement – government and designers. Government controls the supply of foreign labor, has the capacity to offer incentives and has the muscle to enact regulations to improve productivity. Consultants' upstream designs must be buildable.

RE-ORIENTATION OF LEGAL POLICY FOR USING OF FOREIGN WORKERS IN INDONESIAN JUSTICE

The existence of foreign workers, which so far has not been balanced with clear legal arrangements, has in its development led to problems of legal certainty in the field of employment. This writing uses doctrinal research or normative juridical research as for the research results obtained that the re-orientation of the implementation of legal policies on the use of foreign workers has not been able to achieve justice. This is because the legal politics of the use of foreign workers has resulted in reduced job opportunities for domestic workers, which in turn resulted in unemployment and poverty problems. Weaknesses in the implementation of the politics of using foreign workers are the shortcomings in the form of time limits and the amount of use of foreign workers is not clearly regulated in the politics of foreign labor law in Indonesia, then the weakness in the case of dualism in work permits for foreigners in Act No. 13 of 2003 and Act No. 6 of 2011.