Shadow Education in India: Participation and Socioeconomic Determinants

2021 ◽  
pp. 097317412110324
Author(s):  
Indal Kumar ◽  
Indrani Roy Chowdhury
Keyword(s):  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Shadow Education ◽  
Socioeconomic Determinants ◽  
Education In India ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Education Participation

Although shadow education in India has been in practice for a long time, the scale has grown dramatically in recent years, with the size of the industry ranging between $40 and $70 billion. Drawing from the five rounds of National Sample Survey data sets on education, the study examines the trends and socioeconomic determinants of shadow education participation in India. It also addresses the time burden of shadow education and students’ learning outcomes by using the Indian Human Development Survey database. The findings state that households’ socioeconomic status, educational level of households’ head, urban residence, current schooling levels and type of educational institutions by management are highly significant determinants of participation in shadow education. The analysis further indicates that shadow education is positively associated with learning outcomes at the elementary level and that its contribution is larger in mathematics. However, shadow education costs a couple of hours per day of recreational time of the children (time cost), 40–50% share of household’s total educational expenditure, and around 20% share of household’s per capita annual consumption expenditure (economic cost).

Gradual Disappearance of Gender Disparity in Human Capital Accumulation: Evidence from India

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (8) ◽  
pp. 1108-1127
Author(s):  
Anjan Ray Chaudhury ◽  
Madhabendra Sinha
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Gender Disparity ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Education In India ◽  
Gradual Disappearance ◽  
Gender Groups

This study examines the existence and persistence of gender disparity in education in rural and urban India. We use the sequential logit model of regression on data sets provided by three rounds of quinquennial employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO). The findings of the study reveal that in both rural and urban sectors of India there is gender group disparity, and this disparity is greater in the rural sector than in the urban areas. Furthermore, it is also found that the gender groups’ disparity in education in India has substantially changed during the last two decades across both sectors.

Revisiting the Gender Gap in Private Household Expenditure on Education in India: An Empirical Analysis

Paradigm ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 164-176
Author(s):  
Manik Kumar ◽  
Nicky Naincy
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Private Household ◽  
Household Expenditure ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Statistical Tool ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Education In India

The article presents empirical observations regarding the private household expenditure on male and female students incurred by Indian households at the disaggregated level of education. By using the data sets of two consecutive rounds of National Sample Survey Office (NSSO), that is, 64th and 71st, which were based on social consumption survey of health and education, the article explores the bias in household expenditure on education by the variable of gender. The result presents a different analysis when compared to the findings of earlier studies, in terms of persisting gender gap in expenditure on education at different levels of education like higher, technical or at diploma levels as compared to elementary level. The study finds that the biasness in expenditure decreases and, in some cases, even higher for female students for technical and diploma level of education. For the analysis of data, the statistical tool of percentage relative gap has been used.

The Cost of Being ‘Backward’ in India: Socio-religious Discrimination in the Labour Market

2021 ◽  
pp. 097370302110296
Author(s):  
Soumyajit Chakraborty ◽  
Alok K. Bohara
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Religious Discrimination ◽  
Capital Endowment ◽  
Scheduled Castes ◽  
Sample Survey Data ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Human Capital Endowment

Being from backward castes, classes and Muslims in India has an economic cost associated with the nature of institutional discrimination. Using the 2011–2012 National Sample Survey data, this study identifies that caste and religion still rule the modern Indian labour market. We find that discrimination is evident in the socio-religious earnings gaps. While the parametric decompositions suggest that most of these gaps are due to differential human capital endowment, the nonparametric method almost evenly attributes inequality to discrimination and endowment. The results presented in this study suggest that discrimination against Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, Muslims and Other Backward Classes should be included in policy designs to promote equity in the Indian labour market.

Is Distance to Secondary School a Barrier to Secondary and Higher Education in India?

2021 ◽  
pp. 097639962110350
Author(s):  
Bibhunandini Das ◽  
Amarendra Das
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Secondary School ◽  
Secondary Schools ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
National Sample Survey ◽  
Education In India

This article has examined the implications of distance to secondary school on the achievement of secondary and higher education in India. Using the 71st round of National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) data, the article found that distance to secondary school beyond 2–3 km reduces the chances of getting secondary and higher education. For female members, secondary schools located beyond 2–3 km become a barrier to secondary and higher education; however, the distance beyond 5 km matters for male members. Economically better-off households and larger households have higher chances of completing secondary and higher education. Scheduled tribe households and households with casual workers have fewer chances of getting secondary or higher education. The households living in states with better transport facilities to the secondary schools have higher chances of getting secondary and higher education.

Factors Affecting Gender Disparity in Muslim Education in India

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-113
Author(s):  
Reshmi Sengupta ◽  
Debasis Rooj
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Educational Institution ◽  
Household Head ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Gender Disparity ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Income Status ◽  
Muslim Children ◽  
Education Participation

Muslims occupy the second largest share in India’s population after Hindus. Therefore, India’s overall economic growth and development are largely dependent on the progress of this community. Muslims, by and large, have remained backward in attaining education so far, and the pace of their educational development is quite slow. The situation is even worse for Muslim women. This gives rise to gender disparity in education and raises concerns over the formulation, implementation and monitoring of government policies and programmes directed towards the betterment of this community. This study aims to empirically evaluate the effect of some socio-economic and demographic variables; particularly household consumption expenditure as a proxy for household income, on current education attendance levels of Muslims using a sample of individuals aged 5–17 years from the National Sample Survey, 68th round Employment–Unemployment survey, 2011–2012. In addition, this article is also an attempt to examine the effect of these factors on the gender gap in education of Muslims. Results from the empirical analysis show that members of this community are less likely to attend any educational institution if they belong to the lower income status household and are more likely to attend if they belong to the upper income status household. In comparison to Muslim girls, Muslim boys are more likely to attend school if they belong to rich families. In contrast, in poor Muslim families, girls are more likely to attend school than boys. Several other socio-economic and demographic factors also affect current education participation of Muslim children. Besides other factors, if on the one hand, children’s growing age and number of children in the household increase gender gap, then knowledge of Internet operation and presence of a female household head help in reducing gender gap in current attendance level of Muslim children in India.

INFLUENCE OF WEATHER ON TEMPORARY AND PERMANENT MIGRATION IN RURAL INDIA

2013 ◽  
Vol 04 (02) ◽  
pp. 1350007 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. S. KAVI KUMAR ◽  
BRINDA VISWANATHAN
Keyword(s):  
National Sample ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Temporary Migration ◽  
Urban Migrants ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Permanent Migration ◽  
Sample Survey Data ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Temporary Migrants

While a wide range of factors influence rural–rural and rural–urban migration in developing countries, there is significant interest in analyzing the role of agricultural distress and growing inter-regional differences in fueling such movement. This strand of research acquires importance in the context of climate change adaptation. In the Indian context, this analysis gets further complicated due to the significant presence of temporary migration. This paper analyzes how weather and its variability affects both temporary and permanent migration in India using National Sample Survey data for the year 2007–2008. The paper finds that almost all of the rural–urban migrants are permanent. Only temperature plays a role in permanent migration. In contrast, many temporary migrants are rural–rural and both temperature and rainfall explain temporary migration.

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