PEOPLES PERCEPTION ON WORKING OF PANCHAYATI RAJ SYSTEM -A CASE STUDY OF KARIMNAGAR DISTRICTIN THE TELANGANA STATE OF INDIA

My study is intended to analyse how Peoples perception is very important because of the 73rd constitutional amendment act that was introduced to ensure political participation of underprivileged groups like Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, Other Backward Classes and Women through the reservation of provisions in Panchayati Raj System at grassroots level democracy. In this context, the peoples perception of working of Panchayati Raj institutions in Karimnagar district plays a very crucial role to reveal the actual ground realities thereof and to what extent they accomplished the above-mentioned objectives. several policy initiatives have been taken for effective implementation of reservation policy in Panchayati Raj in the district. The present research work also focussed on the political backwardness of scheduled castes, scheduled Tribe leadership in Panchayati Raj Institutions at the Panchayati level. It also reveals peoples perception to the conscious understanding that people have of public functionaries and official issues in the society and realistically based on their understanding level in the given context on a particular aspect.

READING THEYYAM AS AN ARCHIVE OF THE SUBALTERN COMMUNITY OF NORTHERN KERALA

Theyyam is a ritual art form exclusive to Northern Kerala, performed by the Scheduled Castes & Scheduled Tribes. It is the socio-religious movements that gave them a platform to put forth their problems and change the attitude and treatment of upper castes towards them. Until then, it was a medium for them to present the trauma and victimhood long endured by their community under casteism. This is well fabricated in various elements surrounding Theyyam, such as Thottam Pattu. Theyyam also projects the kinds of ritual and spiritual practices of their community. So, this research attempts to read Theyyam as an archive of the subaltern community by borrowing the Archive concept defined by Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak in her essay 'The Rani of Sirmur: An Essay in Reading the Archives.' As the art form is linked with religious beliefs, it has survived over the years, recognising the community's struggles under casteism and their heroic figures. Thus, this research also attempts to have a close reading of each element surrounding it.

CURRENT STATUS OF GOVERNMENT HOSTEL FACILITY PROVIDED TO ST, OBC, SC STUDENTS AND ITS UTILITY AND USAGES: WITH REFERENCE TO PUNE

The population of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes forms the considerable percentage of the total population of the country. Providing educational supporting facilities through the hostel scheme to this population is one of the significant factor that positively influencing on the educational development of scheduled casts and scheduled tribes people. Through the present article, an attempt has been made on the current status of tribal hostels and its utility with reference to Pune city. This article has also focused on the strength of the government hostels during the last four years, and focused on its intake capacity, actual admissions of ST and OBC SC students in the hostels in Pune.

DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAMS AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION - ASTUDY ON SCHEDULED CASTES IN GUNTUR DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH

The Scheduled Castes, according to the 2011 census, are 20.13 crores and constitute 16.6 per cent of the total population of the country and have long suffered from extreme social and economic backwardness. The Scheduled Castes category comprises many castes which share certain common handicaps in relation to the rest of the castes in society. They are quite distinct in caste hierarchy. They are economically dependent, educationally backward, politically suppressed, and socially the worst sufferers. Further they were classed as untouchables. The term scheduled castes refers to a list of castes prepared in 1935 by the British Government in India. But during the ancient period and medieval period they were known as Panchamas (fifth group), Chandalas (heathens or outeastes) and Antyajas (lowest class), and during the British period they came to be called first as Depressed Classes (dalitjatis) or Exterior Castes (avarnas), later as Harijans (children of God), and finally as Scheduled Castes (castes listed in the Government Schedule Article 341).

राज्यसमाजवाद आणि कल्याणकारी राज्य

Dr. Ambedkar believed that for India's economic prosperity, the emphasis should be on the eradication of poverty and inequality and the freedom from exploitation of the masses. In his writings and speeches during the 1930s and 1940s and for some years to come, he emphasized the need to free the masses from exploitation. Dr. Ambedkar wanted socialism, but he did not like traditional socialism. From their point of view, planning should be done with more focus on the financial security of the working and exploited class. Moral motivation must be in the people, and all the wealth they have earned through their labor must be shared equally. Dr. Ambedkar published a pamphlet in 1947 entitled States and Minorities. It covers basic rights, minority rights, and security measures for Scheduled Castes.

RESERVATION IN INDIA: RHETORIC AND REALITY

Reservation is always contentious and sentimental issue and raises many concerns of the people. The policy of reservation and safeguards provided to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes has adversely affected the unity and solidarity of the nation. Reservation in India is all about reserving access to seats in the government jobs, educational institutions and even legislatures to certain sections of the population. The reservation can also be seen as positive discrimination. Reservation in India is a government policy, backed by the Indian Constitution. Part XVI deals with reservation of SC and ST in Central and state legislature. The need for reservation can be looked from legal and socio-cultural perspective. The act of reservation is reserving seats in educational institutions, certain places of employment for certain castes and classes of society which are considered backward, those being the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Castes. Reservation is an effective measure to end the oppressive discrimination. Reservation facilitates empowerment and social harmony for all in the segments.

STUDY OF THE INSTITUTIONAL ENVIRONMENT: A CASE OF ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT AT ELEMENTARY LEVEL IN THE SCHOOLS OF NCT OF DELHI

Over the past two decade since the beginning of the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) programme in india, there has been a significant increase in the number of schools and in the enrolment of children in Government schools, most notably a large proportion of children from amongst Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, Muslims and Girls have joined the schooling system. Most of these children are also first-generation learners. In this regard SCERT Delhi conducted an achievement survey for classes II, V and VIII and gathered the information about the academic environment pertaining to school, teachers and students. This study reflected the background of the students such as locality, parents education, community and the same was followed of the teachers and schools. Majority of the sampled schools (71%) were managed by Municipal Corporation. More than 80% schools were located in urban areas and about half of the schools were Co-Educational, while 22% and 28% schools were Boys and Girls schools respectively. About 96% of schools responded that they have the provision to monitor classroom teaching regularly and 92% of the schools were monitored by the Head of the school. Fathers of 2% students and 0.6% mothers were in the academic field. In the surveyed schools, 28% were male and 72% were female teachers. Majority of teachers (54%) had attended in-service training programmes. In more than ninety percent of the sampled schools Maps, Charts, Globe, Mathematics kit and Library were available. About 90% and 98% of the schools annual medical check-up facility and first aid facilities were available Nearly 70% students reported that their homework was checked regularly. This document has helped education planners as a reference research document to improve the education administration and planning systems in the state.

The Moderating Effect of Democracy on Climate-Induced Social Conflict: Evidence from Indian Districts

Do political institutions moderate the effect of environmental stress on social conflict? We posit that while the frequency of social conflict in developing agrarian states can increase during drought, democratic competition reduces conflict and can facilitate cooperation, reversing this effect. This hypothesis is tested on a sample of all districts in India over a period from 2001 to 2014. The dependent variable captures the number of crimes perpetrated against scheduled castes—so-called “untouchables”—and scheduled tribes—India’s Indigenous groups—during a given district-year. When the effect of drought is moderated using a local electoral competition index, findings show that although droughts increase the frequency of social conflicts where political institutions are weak, they reduce it where political institutions are strong. The results are robust to alternative operationalization choices. Our findings, thus, have relevance both to scholars of the climate–conflict nexus and to policymakers working to address climate change’s effects.

The Cost of Being ‘Backward’ in India: Socio-religious Discrimination in the Labour Market

Being from backward castes, classes and Muslims in India has an economic cost associated with the nature of institutional discrimination. Using the 2011–2012 National Sample Survey data, this study identifies that caste and religion still rule the modern Indian labour market. We find that discrimination is evident in the socio-religious earnings gaps. While the parametric decompositions suggest that most of these gaps are due to differential human capital endowment, the nonparametric method almost evenly attributes inequality to discrimination and endowment. The results presented in this study suggest that discrimination against Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, Muslims and Other Backward Classes should be included in policy designs to promote equity in the Indian labour market.