Home as a mixture of spaces during the COVID-19 pandemic: The case of migrant families in Poland

The spread of the coronavirus has led to significant modifications in the majority of social and private institutions. For most families, home is now the location of many activities that are usually kept separate, such as work, school, entertainment, and socialising. Migrant families, for whom the school was the primary place for socialising, were forced to “host” school at home. As a result, migrant families’ homes have been reconstructed from a private household and intimate dwelling place into a mixture of spaces. This paper applies the theory of social diffusion developed by Dodd and Winthrop, and the concept of social solvation designed by Sarnowska et al., to study the diffusion of places at the time of lockdown. The data are derived from a qualitative study of migrant families in Poland during the school shutdown. This study investigates how the mixture of various places within the home has affected the lives of family members.

METHODOLOGICAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE EFFECTIVE APPLICATION OF GLOBODERA-RESISTANT POTATO VARIETIES IN THE FIGHT AGAINST GOLDEN POTATO NEMATODE IN PERSONAL AUXILIARY FARMS

The decisive link in the system of comprehensive measures to contol the golden potato nematode is the use of globodera-resistant varieties and hybrids of potatoes. Before recommending any globodera-resistant potato variety for private household plots, it is necessary to carry out a comparative assessment of varieties in the globoderosis focus. This purpose is served by demonstration experiments that allow us to identify the positive and negative aspects of varieties and clearly show agricultural specialists and the population the advantages of nematode-resistant varieties. Effectively reduced the number of golden potato nematodes in the soil (by more than 60%) globodera-resistant varieties (Zhukovsky early, Impala, Santa, Scarb, Lady Rosetta, Picasso, Riviera, Arizona, etc.) with a powerful and branched root system when grown on a fertile, light in texture soil with the introduction of mineral and organic fertilizers, sufficient supply of soil moisture during May and June. Their cultivation led to a decrease in the incidence of globoderosis and, accordingly, an increase in potato yield. In order to increase the efficiency of soil disinfection with the help of globodera-resistant varieties and to obtain the optimal potato yield in private household plots, it is necessary to take the following measures: 1. In autumn – autumn plowing to the depth of the arable layer. In spring – cultivation to a depth of 12–14 cm with simultaneous harrowing. 2. It is recommended to cultivate potatoes in an anti-nematode crop rotation or fruit change no earlier than the third or fourth crop. The effectiveness of nematode-resistant varieties increases with the use of organic and full dose of nitrogen fertilizers. 3. To activate the activity of predatory, parasitic fungi and other antagonists of potato nematodes, it is necessary to apply organic fertilizers (manure, peat, compost) to the soil of potato plantings.

THE RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF BUTTER PRESS

Главной задачей сельского хозяйства страны и молочного животноводства, в частности, является дальнейшее увеличение производства молочной продукции, необходимой для населения, на основе снижения ее себестоимости и создание общедоступных решений по механизации обработки молочной продукции с минимизированными трудозатратами. В государственной программе развития сельского хозяйства в Российской Федерации на 2013-2020 гг. одним из приоритетных направлений является развитие малых форм хозяйствования – крестьянских (фермерских) и личных подсобных хозяйств. В нашей стране уже функционируют свыше 340 тыс. крестьянских (фермерских) хозяйств, причем по ситуации на 2016 год К(Ф)Х и ЛПХ произвели порядка 1,5 млн. тонн молока, с процентом товарности в 69 %, на их долю приходится более 1,1 млн голов коров. С введением социально экономических мер в августе 2014 года, позволивших освободить от ввозимой продукции до 20 % российского рынка молочной продукции, образовавшуюся нишу начали заполнять отечественные производители сыров и сливочного масла. The main objective of the country's agriculture and dairy production, in particular, is to further increase the production of dairy products necessary for the population, based on reducing its cost, and to create generally available solutions for mechanizing the processing of dairy products with minimized labor costs. In the state programme for the development of agriculture in the Russian Federation for 2013-2020, one of the priority areas is the development of small forms of farming - peasant (farm) enterprises and personal subsidiary farms (PSF). There are already more than 340,000 peasant (farm) enterprises (P(F)E) in our country. In 2016, P(F)E and PSF produced about 1.5 million tons of milk, with a percentage of 69%, they account for more than 1.1 million head of cows. In our country, more than 340 thousand peasant (farm) farms are already functioning, and according to the situation in 2016, P(F)E and private household plots produced about 1.5 million tons of milk, with a marketability percentage of 69%. They account for more than 1.1 million cows. With the introduction of economic and social measures in August 2014, which made it possible to free up to 20% of the Russian dairy market from imported products, domestic producers of cheeses and butter began to fill the gap.

The risk assessment for employees working under different technologies of application of pesticides

Introduction. In recent years, agricultural production in Russia has increased at the expense of farms and personal subsidiary plots; farmers use chemical protection means - pesticides to protect crops. Farmers and users of private household plots are considered the leading risk group most exposed to pesticides during their application, transportation, and loading. At the same time, farmers and users do not have special training in the safe handling of pesticides. They do not undergo periodic medical examinations, which increases the risk of exposure to pesticides on their health. Purpose of work. Study of exposures of pesticides in the air of the working area and on the skin of workers when they use pesticides in private farms, farms on-field, and high garden crops; justification of the requirements for the safe use of pesticides in private farms and farms. Material and methods. The established exposure levels of pesticides in the air and on the skin were compared with hygiene standards calculated or experimentally set: MPC / OBUV (mg / m3) in the atmosphere of the working area and MPC/ODU (mg/cm2) of skin contamination. The exposure level risk was determined by the KBsumm. The risk of exposure to pesticides for the operator/farmer/user based on the absorbed dose, determined by the value of the safety factor - KBp, and exposure - Kbsumm, is considered acceptable when the value of KBsumm and KBp < 1. Results. The authors presented generalized results of the analysis of the risk of exposure to pesticides in terms of both exposure (KBsumm) and absorbed dose (KBp) in natural conditions when using 20 drugs on field and garden crops in private household plots and farms. The absorbed dose for farmers, calculated taking into account the work for 6 hours, when compared with ADI, in some cases, exceeded the permissible values. The risk of using two preparations in suspension concentrates and one preparation in the form of a nanoemulsion concentrate in terms of the absorbed dose during knapsack spraying of field crops in farms was higher than the acceptable one. Conclusion. The hygienic assessment of the risk of using pesticides of different hazard classes for all land application methods into the environment convinces us the actual hygienic situation to be determined mainly by the state of the equipment used, compliance with hygiene regulations. The degree of professional skills of operators, as well as the culture of pesticide use, are significant. In the future, the risk, especially in terms of the absorbed dose, must be calculated for users of private household plots and farmworkers, taking into account the differences in cultivated areas’ volumes.

Agrarian potential of personal subsidiary plots

The article discusses the methodology for assessing the personal subsidiary plots production potential. Comparison of the private household plots efficiency is an important problem that requires early solution. It is the most promising direction for optimizing state support and stimulating production. The study purpose is to determine the territories of the Samara region that most effectively use the personal subsidiary plots resources for the agricultural production. The production potential value was the highest in the private household plots of the Samara region southern zone. On average, 1122.2 thousand rubles per hectare fall to personal subsidiary farms in one district of this zone. The production potential value is 36% lower in the Central (719.4 thousand rubles/ha) and by 56% - in the Northern zone (493.0 thousand rubles/ha). The households of the Central natural-economic Zone most effectively use the production potential. The zonal average utilization rate value is 1.14. The available resources are used in the best way by the personal subsidiary plots of the Bezenchuksky district (Kp = 1.67), the worst - by the Sergievsky district (0.62). The considered methodology allows solving important problems - to assess the possibilities and the production real state in the private household plots sector.

ENSURING FOOD SECURITY OF THE BORDER REGION

The article analyzes the level of food security in the border region. The results obtained indicate a decrease in the role of agricultural enterprises in providing the population with food, due to their specialization in the production of soybeans. A significant share of agricultural products produced falls on private household plots, which are characterized by low marketability. Based on the results of the analysis, promising directions for ensuring food security in the region have been identified