PROBLEMS OF DEVELOPMENT AND MODERNIZATION OF THE EDUCATION SYSTEM IN THE FAR NORTH REGIONS

The Far North is of great importance to the country’s economy but social problems appear faster than the authorities have time to solve them. As a result, the macro-region faces a strong permanent migration outflow, which impedes its socio-economic development. One of such problems is the low quality of education. The indicators characterizing the development of the education system in the Far North regions are worse and often the gap with the rest of the country increases. The article considers some problems of education system development in these regions and proposes measures to solve them. Three areas of modernization of the education system can be distinguished. The first is the need for greater attention to demographic trends. Despite the decline in the number of young people it occurs in a wave-like manner and it is necessary to take into account such dynamics. The educational system as a whole, and not just particular levels, should be developed in order to reduce migration outflows. The second direction implies improving the information support of the policy (including the gathering and publication of more statistical data), improving the financing of the education system and libraries, as well as repairing buildings and providing access to high-speed Internet. In this context, special attention should be paid to improving the quality of planning for the development of the education system. The third direction concerns balancing the graduation from educational institutions and the demand for labor in the labor market, reducing the number of graduates who work outside their specialty, as well as increasing the social status and prestige of pedagogical employees.

Dynamic of migration and labor productivity in the rural area of PATANAS villages

The agricultural sector still becomes a source of household income in rural areas, although its role tends to decrease. In the period 2011‒2015, the number of agricultural workers decreased about 1% per year and is inversely proportional to the increasing Indonesian labor, which reached an average of 1.2% per year. Several leading causes of labor decreases are migration and productivity issues in the agricultural sector. This paper aims to determine migration and labor productivity dynamics in three-time points in villages on Panel Petani Nasional Program (PATANAS) located at three agroecosystems: plantation, secondary crop, and vegetable. Amount of respondents in each agroecosystem were 312, 232, and 121 farmers. Data analysis was presented descriptively. The results of the study indicated that labor productivity varies between agroecosystems. The highest increase in productivity occurred in vegetable, then secondary crop, and plantation. Labor productivity in the agricultural sector is inversely proportional to the migration on an agroecosystem. There is not excessive migration in the vegetable agroecosystems since labor productivity is highest than the others. There is a phenomenon of increasing working family members followed by an increase in the number of migrations. This phenomenon negatively impacts the agricultural sector because there is no increase in the number of workers in the agricultural sector. There is a trend for young people in PATANAS villages to undertake permanent migration. Increasing labor productivity in rural areas predicted could reduce labor migration. Efforts that can be created are gradually encouraging off-farm and non-farm activities, including small-scale agro-industries.

LABOUR MIGRATION FROM UKRAINE UNDER THE GLOBAL ECONOMIC TURBULENCE

The purpose of the article is to analyse the trends of labour migration from Ukraine under the global economic crisis caused by COVID-19. The subject of the research is international labour migration in Ukraine. The study should predict the consequences of the coronavirus crisis for labour migration and place of Ukraine in the world labour market in the nearest future. Methodological basis of the research comprised the list of theoretical and empirical methods of research; there was provided the analysis of recent research publications subject under the discussion, compared the results obtaining with statistical data, suggested the practical recommendations that were received on the base of survey results. Researches in a number of OECD countries have found that the risk of infection among migrants is at least two times higher as among locals. The number of international migrants is declined in 2020 for the first time in recent history, as the number of new migrants slows down and re-emigration rates substantially increased. Ukraine has the highest rates of permanent immigrants among European countries. In 2019, there was among approximately 5 million people of foreign origin in Ukraine, the largest migration groups were from Belarus, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Russia, and Uzbekistan. At the same time, Ukraine ranked 8th in the world and 2nd in Europe for emigration in 2019. Ukraine was the largest country of origin of refugees in Europe amounted to 93 thousand people at the end of 2018. In 2019, as in previous decades, the largest migration corridors in Europe were in Ukraine, including the Russia-Ukraine and Ukraine-Russia corridors, which held the first positions in the volume of migration in this part of the world. The military conflict in the East of Ukraine has strengthened the current trend towards reorienting of Ukrainian migration to the West. The employment structure of Ukrainian labour migrants is mostly inefficient, as only 26.8% of Ukrainian workers are employed abroad according to the qualifications obtained. The COVID-19 pandemic has affected virtually all spheres of public life; it has affected emigration from Ukraine, a crucial factor of which has been the introduction of lockdown in key host countries of Ukrainian labour migration, in particular, in the EU. However, the existence of an unconditional demand for Ukrainian workers in the labour-importer countries has led to the solution of problems with access of workers in an ad hoc manner in the first half of 2020, in particular, through the organization of workers transportation from Ukraine for seasonal work. The results of the study have shown that despite the fact that the structure of permanent migration from Ukraine is dominated by migration to the Russian Federation, trends in long-term and especially in temporary labour migration since 2014 and until now, clearly indicate a change in the vector of labour movement towards the EU. Labour emigration is not able to solve the problem of Ukraine’s economic development; it just solves the task of maintaining the welfare of the migrant families and provides the opportunities to develop the human capital of migrant children, primarily through funding by means of migration capital their education in Ukraine. Analysis of the current global and national economic situation, regulatory measures, both in Ukraine and in the countries of migration destination, which directly or indirectly affect migration flows, indicates that in the medium term we cannot predict that the COVID-19 pandemic will significantly affect large-scale labour migration.

High-skilled migration and mental health

High-skilled migrants are more likely to migrate for professional or educational reasons. There is a difference between the high-skilled migrants and labour in that the former may well be responding to pull factors, whereas the latter may be responding to push factors related to migration. These migrants are also more likely to belong to permanent migration category. High-skilled migrants are those with a university degree or extensive/equivalent experience in a chosen field. They are largely likely to migrate from low- to middle-income countries to high-income countries. The immigration rates show that these migrants are likely to be self-selected; have skills that are in demand and globally transferable. In the post-migration phase they may experience mental ill health, especially if they do not feel valued; feel overqualified for the jobs they are doing; and if they experience a discrepancy between aspirations and achievement. Their clinical needs may well differ from those of migrant labour.

Migration and Foreign Aid as Factors Restraining Regional Cooperation in the South Pacific

Cooperation in the South Pacific region is unique due to the characteristics of its participants. Following the period of decolonization (1962-1980), countries in Oceania have radically changed. Achieving independence gave those nations international legal personality, yet complete independence from their former colonial powers. The following consequence was gaining an opportunity to draft, adopt and execute own laws in national and foreign policy. PICT (Pacific island countries and territories) have been expanding connections, political and trade ones, within the region since the 1960s when permanent migration of islanders and intra-regional transactions began. Migrations along with foreign aid are considered as the distinctive characteristics of the Pacific Ocean basin. Since the 1980s, the regional integration in Oceania, through establishing regional groupings and increasing the regional trade agreements number, took on pace and scope. The MIRAB synthetic measure (migration, remittances, aid, bureaucracy) has been used in analyzing the Oceania developing microeconomies. Last but not least, migration and foreign aid have been retaining the region from a deeper and more effective stage of regionalism.

INTEGRATION OF IMMIGRANTS AS THE MOST IMPORTANT COMPONENT OF THE THIRD STAGES OF POPULATION MIGRATION — ADAPTATION (THEORETICAL QUESTIONS)

The issues of the integration of immigrants in the Russian Federation in 2021 are fundamentally new, if we consider them in the coordinates of the integration crisis, and at the same time, put forward by President Putin V.V. the task of reaching the upward dynamics of the number of Russians, with a persisting pandemic, until 2025. This requires a theoretical rethinking of the conceptual apparatus, not only in relation to the concept of "integration of immigrants". Not only in terms of identifying indicators of this process. But also more broadly — in relation to the definition of the concept of population migration, in general. The article makes a methodological attempt to show that when considering integration, as an integral part, the final, third stage of population migration — adaptation, in accordance with the theory of three stages of population migration, most fully presented in the works of L.L. Rybakovsky, it seems possible more clearly to determine the tasks of the integration policy of the Russian Federation. Since this approach clearly separates the processes of adaptation, integration, arrangement at the stage of settling — in at the place of settling. Gives a clear understanding that integration is the prerogative of only migrants who belong simultaneously to the type of interstate and permanent migration. And only they, objectively, should be the object of integration policy, which should be an integral, integral part of immigration policy. But with its own specific tasks for its object — interstate permanent migrants. Such a methodological approach, to the greatest extent, corresponds to an individual approach to the regulation of the integration process, makes it possible to more effectively use the mechanism of integration contracts to increase the responsibility of the individual and society. Implemented at the local, municipal level, at the same time — the level of self — government in the Russian Federation, such an individual method of integration policy is most consistent with the figurative understanding of integration as a road with oncoming traffic, since it also contributes to an increase in the civic identification of immigrants and national solidarity of society. It implies a targeted mutual determination of rights and obligations.

The Role of Migration in the Formation of Regional Labour Markets Amidst the Second Wave of Depopulation in Modern Russia

The article reflects the results of a study of the impact of migration on regional labour markets amidst a decline in the working-age population in Russia. After substantiating the relevance of the issues under consideration, the authors propose a methodological analysis toolkit, the author’s own methodology for calculating the coefficients of permanent long-term external and internal labour migration in regional labour markets, and the coefficient of total migration burden. In addition, the authors provide an overview of the information and statistical base of the study. According to current migration records, data of Rosstat sample surveys on Russian labour migrants leaving for employment in other regions, regional labour resources balance sheets based on the calculated coefficients of labour market pressures, the authors analyzed the impact of migration on the Russian regional labour markets over the past decade. It revealed an increasing role of internal labour migration in many regions, primarily in the largest economic agglomerations and oil and gas territories. At the same time, the role of external labour migration remains stable and minimum indicators of the contribution of permanent migration to the formation of regional labour markets continue to decrease. It has been established that irrational counter flows of external and internal labour migration have developed, which indicates not only an imbalance in labour demand and supply but also a discrepancy between the qualitative composition of migrants and the needs of the economy. It is concluded that the state does not effectively regulate certain types of migration, considering its impact on the labour market. The authors justified the need for conducting regular household sample surveys according to specific programs to collect information about labour migrants and the conditions for using their labour. In addition to the current migration records, using interregional analysis, this information allows making more informed decisions at the federal and regional levels to correct the negative situation that has developed in the regional labour markets even before the coronavirus pandemic had struck.

Population, Migration and Climate Change

The objective of this research is to explain how climate change affects and is affected by population growth and migration. The global analysis will then be followed by a specific study in Indonesia on the relation between population migration and natural disaster events. The research method used a secondary data analysis based on literature review, the 2015 Inter-Census Population Survey (SUPAS) data and 2013 disaster data. To reduce greenhouse gas emissions and ensure the sustainability of the planet's earth, there are three things that should be done, namely to reduce the pace of population growth, to change the pattern of consumption of natural resources, and to increase Earth's carrying capacity by using technologies and innovations. Migration is mostly caused by economic needs, while migration due to disaster events is very small. Migration data records permanent migration type, while the disaster-affected population usually migrates on the temporary bases. The BPS-Statistics Indonesia and the National Disaster Management Authority should have some agreement on defining disasters, including climate change induced-disasters, and on how to collect and store data on the number of people impacted by each of them.