What Prevents Adolescent Girls from Transitioning from School to Work in India? Insights from an Exploratory Study in Rajasthan

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-48
Author(s):  
Shireen J. Jejeebhoy ◽  
A. K. Shiva Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
School To Work ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Work Transition ◽  
Natal Home ◽  
Traditional Norms ◽  
Women In India ◽  
Depth Interviews

Female labour force participation among young women in India is disturbingly low, and yet little evidence is available regarding the factors likely to affect the school-to-work transition among the young. Data from 325 girls aged 15–19 years and in-depth interviews with 10 of these girls and 9 of their mothers in one block of Jodhpur district, obtained from a mixed-methods study in Rajasthan, explore girls’ aspirations for professional, administrative or technical careers and factors likely constraining or facilitating their articulation of such aspirations. Findings show that girls who aspired for a professional, administrative or technical career were more likely than others to display better learning outcomes (odds ratio = 1.31), greater work-related agency and a readiness to overcome community obstacles (odds ratio, 1.28) than those who did not aspire for a professional, administrative or technical career. They were also more likely to be unmarried or married but residing in the natal home (odds ratio = 2.97) and have supportive parents (odds ratio = 1.37). In-depth interviews corroborate these obstacles. Findings underscore the need to empower girls and break down traditional norms held by girls, parents and communities. On the programme front, it is important to ensure empowerment programmes for girls and address the quality and girl-friendliness of education and vocational training opportunities.

scholarly journals Services Trade: The Great Gender Equaliser?

2021 ◽  
pp. 001573252110118
Author(s):  
Louise Johannesson ◽  
Hildegunn Kyvik Nordås
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Advantage ◽  
Gender Wage Gap ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Formal Sector ◽  
Services Trade ◽  
Jel Codes ◽  
Formal Employment ◽  
Women In India

Standing at 24% in 2018, India’s female labour force participation is only half of the global average (48%). At the same time, India has one of the widest gender wage gaps in the world and women are less likely to be employed in the formal sector compared to men. This article focuses on how international trade affects relative wages and formal employment between men and women in India. Using the Revealed Symmetrical Comparative Advantage index, sectors of comparative advantage and disadvantage are identified and matched to Indian labour force surveys that contain information on sectoral employment and earnings. We find that sectors of comparative advantage in services have the lowest gender wage gap, with women earning 24% less than their male counterparts, while women in manufacturing earned on average 40% less than male workers. Using the Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition, we find that the total gender wage gap in sectors of comparative advantage in services are minor while it is quite substantial in manufacturing, regardless of comparative advantage status. The article concludes that services trade goes hand in hand with a smaller gender wage gap as women leverage their skills better in services than in manufacturing. JEL Codes: F16, F14

scholarly journals Job-Education Match & Tenure Among Young Canadians: Evidence From The 1997 & 2014 Labour Force Survey

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Turk
Keyword(s):  
Postsecondary Education ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
School To Work ◽  
Labour Force Survey ◽  
Skill Levels ◽  
Occupational Classification ◽  
Significant Negative Relationship ◽  
Work Transition ◽  
Statistics Canada

In response to the growing supply of postsecondary education graduates and the persistence of overqualification in the Canadian labour market, this study investigates the relationship between the levels of job-education match and tenure among young workers, 25 to 34 years of age, relative to the remaining workforce ages 35 to 64, using a job analysis (JA) approach based on skill levels defined by the National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2011 and education credentials defined by Statistics Canada. Using the 1997 and 2014 Labour Force Survey (LFS) files, a significant negative relationship is observed between length of tenure and overqualified workers, and a significant positive relationship with underqualified workers, in addition to significant differences in the effect that being over/underqualified has on tenure based on respondents’ age and survey year. Implications for individual, organizational, and societal stakeholders involved in the school-to-work transition are discussed.

scholarly journals Job-Education Match & Tenure Among Young Canadians: Evidence From The 1997 & 2014 Labour Force Survey

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Turk
Keyword(s):  
Postsecondary Education ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
School To Work ◽  
Labour Force Survey ◽  
Skill Levels ◽  
Occupational Classification ◽  
Significant Negative Relationship ◽  
Work Transition ◽  
Statistics Canada

In response to the growing supply of postsecondary education graduates and the persistence of overqualification in the Canadian labour market, this study investigates the relationship between the levels of job-education match and tenure among young workers, 25 to 34 years of age, relative to the remaining workforce ages 35 to 64, using a job analysis (JA) approach based on skill levels defined by the National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2011 and education credentials defined by Statistics Canada. Using the 1997 and 2014 Labour Force Survey (LFS) files, a significant negative relationship is observed between length of tenure and overqualified workers, and a significant positive relationship with underqualified workers, in addition to significant differences in the effect that being over/underqualified has on tenure based on respondents’ age and survey year. Implications for individual, organizational, and societal stakeholders involved in the school-to-work transition are discussed.

Recounting Major State Policies That Promote the Male Breadwinner Model

2020 ◽  
pp. 221-240
Author(s):  
Shruti Appalla ◽  
Sony Pellissery
Keyword(s):  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
State Policies ◽  
Child Rearing ◽  
Western Society ◽  
Male Adult ◽  
Ideal Family ◽  
Male Breadwinner ◽  
The Family ◽  
Traditional Norms

The male breadwinner model is a system of family organization where the male adult is the primary earning member while the wife is considered to be a stay-at-home mother responsible for managing the household and child rearing. It is particularly seen to be prevalent in India where it is reinforced by traditional norms separating women from public spaces. While cultural and religious norms perpetuate this stereotype of an ideal family, the model has also received a lot of support in state policies and laws. This chapter attempts to focus on policies in fields like identity, inheritance, maintenance, labour, and property law that have until recently or continue to relegate women to the position of an invisible supporting wage earner in the family. It specifically focuses on deficits in childcare policies. It traces the consequence of these policies in reducing labour force participation rates and perpetuating patriarchal norms in society. In the process, the chapter explains the rise of the model from industrial Europe, its manifestation in a non-Western society like India, and its hopeful decline.

Revisiting the Shift in Youth Labour Market vis-à-vis the Economic Development in India

2021 ◽  
pp. 097639962198901
Author(s):  
Nitin Bisht ◽  
Falguni Pattanaik
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
School To Work ◽  
School To Work Transition ◽  
Youth Labour Market ◽  
Work Transition ◽  
Younger Generation ◽  
Successful School

The significance of youth in the economic development of a nation is well comprehended, while the role of economic transformation in ensuring a successful School-to-Work transition for the younger generation has remained a solemn challenge, especially for the developing countries. Therefore, the objective of this study is to understand School-to-Work transition among the younger generation, considering key indicators of the Indian labour market during the post-reforms period. The findings implicate specific enigmatic changes in the labour market—despite decent economic growth, the declining labour force participation, declining employment and increasing unemployment across gender and sector persist as a significant challenge to a thriving School-to-Work transition for the younger population of the country. Youth—being the prospective human capital—remains highly vulnerable in the Indian labour market, and prospects for their transition in the labour market are skimpy and shrinking, while the challenges remain multidimensional.

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