Recounting Major State Policies That Promote the Male Breadwinner Model

2020 ◽  
pp. 221-240
Author(s):  
Shruti Appalla ◽  
Sony Pellissery
Keyword(s):  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
State Policies ◽  
Child Rearing ◽  
Western Society ◽  
Male Adult ◽  
Ideal Family ◽  
Male Breadwinner ◽  
The Family ◽  
Traditional Norms

The male breadwinner model is a system of family organization where the male adult is the primary earning member while the wife is considered to be a stay-at-home mother responsible for managing the household and child rearing. It is particularly seen to be prevalent in India where it is reinforced by traditional norms separating women from public spaces. While cultural and religious norms perpetuate this stereotype of an ideal family, the model has also received a lot of support in state policies and laws. This chapter attempts to focus on policies in fields like identity, inheritance, maintenance, labour, and property law that have until recently or continue to relegate women to the position of an invisible supporting wage earner in the family. It specifically focuses on deficits in childcare policies. It traces the consequence of these policies in reducing labour force participation rates and perpetuating patriarchal norms in society. In the process, the chapter explains the rise of the model from industrial Europe, its manifestation in a non-Western society like India, and its hopeful decline.

What Prevents Adolescent Girls from Transitioning from School to Work in India? Insights from an Exploratory Study in Rajasthan

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-48
Author(s):  
Shireen J. Jejeebhoy ◽  
A. K. Shiva Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
School To Work ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Work Transition ◽  
Natal Home ◽  
Traditional Norms ◽  
Women In India ◽  
Depth Interviews

Female labour force participation among young women in India is disturbingly low, and yet little evidence is available regarding the factors likely to affect the school-to-work transition among the young. Data from 325 girls aged 15–19 years and in-depth interviews with 10 of these girls and 9 of their mothers in one block of Jodhpur district, obtained from a mixed-methods study in Rajasthan, explore girls’ aspirations for professional, administrative or technical careers and factors likely constraining or facilitating their articulation of such aspirations. Findings show that girls who aspired for a professional, administrative or technical career were more likely than others to display better learning outcomes (odds ratio = 1.31), greater work-related agency and a readiness to overcome community obstacles (odds ratio, 1.28) than those who did not aspire for a professional, administrative or technical career. They were also more likely to be unmarried or married but residing in the natal home (odds ratio = 2.97) and have supportive parents (odds ratio = 1.37). In-depth interviews corroborate these obstacles. Findings underscore the need to empower girls and break down traditional norms held by girls, parents and communities. On the programme front, it is important to ensure empowerment programmes for girls and address the quality and girl-friendliness of education and vocational training opportunities.

scholarly journals 562The “quiet revolution” and mental health? Associations between household-employment configurations and mental-health across 17 years

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tania King ◽  
Yamna Taouk ◽  
Tony LaMontagne ◽  
Doctor Humaira Maheen ◽  
Anne Kavanagh
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Time Pressure ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male Breadwinner ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Fixed Effects Regression

Abstract Background Despite evidence that employed women report more time pressure and work-life penalties than employed men and other women, scant attention has been paid to the possible health effects of female labour-force participation. Methods This analysis examined associations between household labour-force arrangements and the mental health of men and women using 17 waves of data from the Household Income and Labour Dynamics Survey. Mental health was measured using the Mental Health Inventory (MHI-5). A five-category measure of household employment configuration was derived: dual full-time employed, male-breadwinner, female-breadwinner, shared part-time employment (both part-time) and male full-time/female part-time (1.5-earner). Using fixed effects regression methods, we examined the within-person effects of household employment configuration on mental health, controlling for time-varying confounders. Results For men, being in the female-breadwinner configuration was associated with poorer mental health compared to being in the 1.5-earner configuration (b-1.98, 95%CI -3.36, -0.61). The mental health of women was poorer when in the male-breadwinner configuration, compared to when in the 1.5-earner arrangement (b-0.89, 95%CI -1.56, -0.22). Conclusions The mental health of both men and women is poorer when not in the labour-force, either as a man in the female-breadwinner arrangement, or as a woman in the male-breadwinner arrangement. Key messages These results suggest that the mental health of women and men benefits from labour-force participation. The results are noteworthy for women, because they pertain to a sizeable proportion of the population who are not in paid employment, and highlight the need for policy reform to support women’s labour-force participation.

PREVALENCE AND SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC CORRELATES OF CONSANGUINEOUS MARRIAGES IN TURKEY

2008 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
ISMET KOC
Keyword(s):  
Child Health ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Family System ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Consanguineous Marriages ◽  
The Family ◽  
Sociodemographic Correlates

SummaryThe aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and sociodemographic correlates of consanguineous marriages in Turkey using data derived from the 2003 Turkey Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS-2003). Demographic surveys conducted in the last 40 years consistently show that Turkey is a country with a high level of consanguinity. In the latest demographic survey (TDHS-2003), a nationally representative sample of 8075 ever-married women, consanguineous marriages accounted for 22% of the total, which is equivalent to a mean coefficient of inbreeding (α) of 0·011. There are changing secular profiles in the rates of consanguinity in general and of the specific sub-types of cousin marriages in particular in Turkey. The prevalence of first cousin marriages among all consanguineous marriages presents a steady decline from one marriage cohort to the next. The changes observed over time may be attributable to several factors such as the increase in educational level of women, the nuclearization of the family system, the mobility from rural to urban settings, a better socioeconomic status of families, an increase in women’s labour force participation in formal sectors, lower fertility rates resulting in a smaller number of cousins available for marriage, and an increased awareness of the effects of consanguineous unions on child health in cases where there is an inherited recessive disease in the family. Any attempts to discourage consanguinity at the population level appear to be inappropriate and undesirable, especially when the consanguineous union remains an integral part of the cultural and social life of Turkey. Nevertheless the WHO-recommended approach to minimizing the negative effects of consanguinity on child health should be followed, i.e. the identification of families with a high risk of a genetic disease and the provision of prospective genetic counselling.

The Impact of Early Life-Course Transitions on Equality at Work and Home

1992 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 509-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clare Ward ◽  
Angela Dale
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Independent Effect ◽  
Life Course Transitions ◽  
Employment Relationships ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Impact

This paper investigates two aspects of the paid employment relationship between female and male partners aged 23. It is argued that in order to understand women's position in the home and the labour market it is necessary to consider employment relationships in the context of the household. The impact of children on women's labour force participation is already well known and in this paper we show that marriage also has an independent effect on hours worked. The second aspect of the paper concerns the relative financial contribution of each partner to the family income from their labour market earnings. It is recognised that power and equality within the home are to some extent derived from the relative contribution of partners to the family income. It is shown that women are economically dependent on men even in the early stages of their partnership before children and that this dependence is greater among women with children.

scholarly journals The “Family 500+” programme and female labour force participation in Poland. Demographic and economic determinants

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 24-43
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Bartosik ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Business Cycle ◽  
Labour Supply ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Female Labour Supply ◽  
Family Responsibilities ◽  
Female Labour ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Business Cycle ◽  
The Impact

The paper investigates the effect of child cash benefit “Family 500+” on the female labour supply in Poland, taking into account demographic and cyclical determinants. The study is based on the Labour Force Survey (LFS) and Polish Central Statistical Office quarterly data. The analyses cover the period of 2016–2018. The Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) is the measure of labour supply. The analysis uses a counterfactual method to determine the impact of demographic and behavioural changes on female labour supply. To identify the causes of the economic inactivity of women (adopted by LFS), decomposition of the growth rate of economically inactive women is applied. The effect of the business cycle on female labour supply is analysed using OLS recursive regression. The study found that the LFPR of women aged 25–44 decreased after 2015. This was related to the cash transfers under the “Family 500+” programme and the increasing number of economically inactive women by reason of “family and household responsibilities”. At the same time, changes in the demographic structure contributed positively to the LFPR of women aged 25–44, while the business cycle did not have a significant impact on it. OLS recursive regression showed that in the 25–44 age group, the introduction of “Family 500+” coincided with changes in the relationships between the LFPR, the percentage of the “discouraged”, economically inactive women by reason of “family responsibilities” and the unemployment rate.

scholarly journals The well-being of families in Canada’s future

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Benoît Laplante
Keyword(s):  
Personal Development ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Central Position ◽  
Public Resources ◽  
The Family ◽  
Société Canadienne

The author argues that the well-being of families in Canada’s future is uncertain because families are losing the central position that was traditionally theirs. Most of the changes that occurred in and around families over the last third of the 20th century came from changes in values (from survival to personal development, from collectivity-oriented to individual-oriented), in gender relations (rising education, labour force participation, and economic independence of women), and in the legal framework that deals with family life. Such changes are still having an impact on families and this impact will likely not diminish. But more than anything else, Canadian society is moving towards a model in which immigration rather than reproduction is the main source of population growth, thus reducing the importance of the family for the development of policies. This, and the increasing political importance given to environmental issues, might further displace the family as a priority for policymaking and the allocation of public resources, and thus impair the future well-being of families.L’auteur soutient que le bien-être des familles canadiennes des familles est loin d’être assuré à long terme parce que la famille, en tant qu’institution, perd aujourd’hui la position centrale qui était traditionnellement la sienne. La plupart des changements survenus dans et autour des familles au cours du dernier tiers du XX e siècle ont été la conséquence de changements dans les valeurs (de la primauté de la survie à celle du développement personnel, de la collectivité à l’individu), dans les rapports entre les sexes (l’éducation des femmes, leur activité et leur indépendance économique) et dans l’encadrement juridique de la vie familiale. Ces transformations se poursuivent et leur impact sur les familles ne diminuera probablement pas. À ceci s’ajoute le fait que la société canadienne a adopté un modèle où l’immigration remplace la reproduction comme source principale de la croissance démographique, réduisant encore plus l’importance de la famille pour l’élaboration des politiques. Ce changement, et l’importance croissante accordée aux questions environnementales, pourrait encore réduire la place de la famille en tant que priorité pour l’élaboration des politiques et l’allocation des ressources publiques, et ainsi compromettre le bien-être futur des familles.

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