The road back from Kafka’s castle: Towards a better system of visa application and review in Australia

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 216-220
Author(s):  
Victor Kline
Keyword(s):  
Judicial Process ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Road ◽  
Public Purse ◽  
Difficult Time ◽  
Visa Application ◽  
The Cost

The processes for administrative, judicial and appellate challenges to a visa refusal are difficult, time consuming and costly. It is not uncommon for an applicant to be involved in processes in excess of five or 10 years. The cost to the public purse can be exorbitant. This article suggests a system whereby the process would be confined to a two-stage judicial process. As such it would be much more discernible to the litigant, many of whom are unrepresented. It would also result in significant savings to the litigant and to the taxpayer.

Analysis and Visualization Latent Topic on COVID-19 Vaccine Tweet use two-stage topic modeling (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faizah Faizah ◽  
Bor-Shen Lin
Keyword(s):  
Topic Modeling ◽  
Public Perception ◽  
Latent Dirichlet Allocation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
The Public ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Difficult Time ◽  
Latent Topic ◽  
Latent Topics

BACKGROUND The World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 as a global pandemic on January 30, 2020. However, the pandemic has not been over yet. Furthermore, in the first quartal of 2021, some countries face the third wave of the pandemic. During the difficult time, the development of the vaccines for COVID-19 accelerates rapidly. Understanding the public perception of the COVID-19 Vaccine according to the data collected from social media can widen the perspective on the state of the global pandemic OBJECTIVE This study explores and analyzes the latent topic on COVID-19 Vaccine Tweet posted by individuals from various countries by using two-stage topic modeling. METHODS A two-stage analysis in topic modeling was proposed to investigating people’s reactions in five countries. The first stage is Latent Dirichlet Allocation that produces the latent topics with the corresponding term distributions that facilitate the investigators to understand the main issues or opinions. The second stage then performs agglomerative clustering on the latent topics based on Hellinger distance, which merges close topics hierarchically into topic clusters to visualize those topics in either tree or graph views. RESULTS In general, the topic discussion regarding the COVID-19 Vaccine in five countries is similar. Topic themes such as "first vaccine" and & "vaccine effect" dominate the public discussion. The remarkable point is that people in some countries have some topic themes, such as "politician opinion" and " stay home" in Canada, "emergency" in India, and & "blood clots" in the United Kingdom. The analysis also shows the most popular COVID-19 Vaccine, which is gaining more public interest. CONCLUSIONS With LDA and Hierarchical clustering, two-stage topic modeling is powerful for visualizing the latent topics and understanding the public perception regarding the COVID-19 Vaccine.

scholarly journals Psychiatry in Australia: economic and service delivery aspects

1991 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 446-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gavin Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Health Insurance ◽  
Public Sector ◽  
Service Delivery ◽  
National Health Insurance ◽  
Private Practice ◽  
Public Practice ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Purse ◽  
Simple Basis ◽  
The Cost

In 1987 there were 1,428 psychiatrists in Australia, 8.8 per 100,000 population (Burvill, 1988), 55% identified as in private practice and 45% in public sector practice. Let us be clear about terms. Public sector practice means that each week you receive a salary from the public purse whether you have seen one or a hundred patients. Private practice means that you are paid on a piece-work basis, also largely from the public purse (national health insurance or Medicare), but the income (at about $100 per hour) depends exactly on the number of hours spent with patients. On average, private psychiatrists in Australia gross about $150,000 per year, out of which they must pay practice expenses. The pay for public sector psychiatrists probably averages $70,000 to which, for the purposes of our calculation, we will add the cost of rooms, telephone and secretary provided by the hospital which at $30,000 brings the cost of a public sector psychiatrist to about $100,000 per year. If 45% of psychiatrists are in public practice then the averaged cost of a psychiatrist in Australia can be calculated as $127,500 per annum, and as there are 8.8 psychiatrists per 100,000 the cost, calculated on this simple basis, is $1.12 million per 100,000 population (Andrews, 1989).

Should rangeland rehabilitation be paid for from the public purse?

1990 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 61 ◽  
Author(s):  
RK Lindner
Keyword(s):  
Public Interest ◽  
Market Failure ◽  
Policy Issue ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Existence Value ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Purse ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Do So

The issue addressed in this paper is the appropriate source of funding for rangeland rehabilitation. Two subsidmy questions are pertinent to this policy issue. Is it profitable for private managers of pastoral properties to rehabilitate rangeland? If not, then on what grounds might it be in the public interest to do so? Evidence is presented that it is privately profitable to rehabilitate slightly to moderately degraded range, by destocking during seasons when there are good prospects for seedlings to become established, but otherwise matching the stocking rate to feed availability. Conversely, it is unprofitable to rehabilitate severely degraded range unless the cost of reseeding is subsidized by at least $5/ha. The relevance of various market failure arguments to the case for public fun- of rangeland rehabilitation to the extent of $100million is discussed, and the need to estimate the existence value of rangelands vis a vis other conservation goals is identified.

Study on Environmental Issues of Golf Course Construction in China

2014 ◽  
Vol 955-959 ◽  
pp. 4133-4137
Author(s):  
Ke Yin Shen ◽  
Xian Juan Kou
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Ecological Environment ◽  
Golf Course ◽  
Golf Courses ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Road ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
The Cost

The rapid development of Golf in China has brought not only illegal construction in the number of golf courses, but also a certain degree of environmental problems, which were questioned by the public and restricted by national policies. Based on the perspective of environmental protection,we study the consumption of water, a lot of land encroachment, destruction of the ecological environment and other issues in the construction of Golf course by using of literature, case studies and other research methods. we propose that the specific strategies on development Golf and protect environment combined with the importance of environmental protection. Development of golf is not simply the pursuit of increasing the number of golf courses, nor at the expense of the ecological environment at the cost of one-sided pursuit of economic, social neglect, but under the protection of the environment, the premise of sustainable use of resources, and take the road of sustainable development.

scholarly journals Differential safety liability of road and rail

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Murray Alexander King
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Road User ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Road ◽  
Safety Aspects ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Cost

<p>Rail safety is closely controlled, but there is less supervision of the actual road, its construction and condition. Safety is the responsibility of the road user, not the provider. This is a feature of the common law, including the rule that no liability attaches to road omissions, and of legislation governing road and rail. It has its roots in the many centuries of highway development. New Zealand legislation has few safety duties for road owners, but very comprehensive and strict obligations for railways. This is also true internationally, except that in some jurisdictions there are enhanced controls on road. Health and safety laws may not cover the public safety aspects of roads, but they do cover all aspects of railways. The imbalance increases the cost and reduces the effectiveness of rail. Potential reforms of the law are proposed.</p>

scholarly journals Differential safety liability of road and rail

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Murray Alexander King
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Road User ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Road ◽  
Safety Aspects ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Cost

<p>Rail safety is closely controlled, but there is less supervision of the actual road, its construction and condition. Safety is the responsibility of the road user, not the provider. This is a feature of the common law, including the rule that no liability attaches to road omissions, and of legislation governing road and rail. It has its roots in the many centuries of highway development. New Zealand legislation has few safety duties for road owners, but very comprehensive and strict obligations for railways. This is also true internationally, except that in some jurisdictions there are enhanced controls on road. Health and safety laws may not cover the public safety aspects of roads, but they do cover all aspects of railways. The imbalance increases the cost and reduces the effectiveness of rail. Potential reforms of the law are proposed.</p>

scholarly journals SUPERFLUOUS LITIGATION, IN A WRONG FORUM ABOUT NOTHING: WHEN LAWYERS AND EXPERTS COLLUDE Motswai v RAF 2012 SA (GSJ) Case No: 2010/17220

Obiter ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Magda Slabbert
Keyword(s):  
Road Accident ◽  
Clear Indication ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Road ◽  
Public Purse

The case of Motswai v RAF (2012 SA (GSJ) Case No: 2010/17220, not yet reported) is a clear indication of how lawyers and experts should not act in a case against the Road Accident Fund (RAF). From the facts of the case it is clear that there was no need to institute an action, yet the lawyers proceeded and experts even wrote lengthy opinions on a bruised ankle. The only inference the judge drew from this was that the lawyers (and experts) were only concerned about being paid even if it meant being paid from the funds intended to compensate road accident victims. Satchwell J therefore after analysing all the evidence made a cost order that neither the plaintiff’s nor the defendant’s attorneys should receive any fees at all in respect of this claim or litigation. The expenses incurred in respect of “experts” should not be a burden on the public purse and therefore the attorneys should meet these disbursements de bonis propriis. She further stated that counsel should be paid only on a scale of the Magistrate’s Court and it should not include trial fees.

The Road to Iraq

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Idrees Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Iraq War ◽  
Empirical Investigation ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Road ◽  
Cohesive Group ◽  
Political Agents

The Road to Iraq is an empirical investigation that explains the causes of the Iraq War, identifies its main agents, and demonstrates how the war was sold to decision makers and by decision makers to the public. It shows how a small but ideologically coherent and socially cohesive group of determined political agents used the contingency of 9/11 to outflank a sceptical foreign policy establishment, military brass and intelligence apparatus and provoked a war that has had disastrous consequences.

Pills and the Public Purse

1981 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milton Silverman ◽  
Philip R. Lee ◽  
Mia Lydecker
Keyword(s):  
The Public ◽  
Public Purse
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