A novel method to evaluate fire test performance of water mist and water spray total compartment protection

2013 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 277-299
Author(s):  
M. Arvidson
Keyword(s):  
Test Performance ◽  
Fire Test ◽  
Water Mist ◽  
Water Spray ◽  
Novel Method

Lunar PAD Post-Hot Fire Test Performance Evaluation

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andres I. Campbell ◽  
Helen C. Carson ◽  
Miriam De Soto ◽  
Michael Fiske ◽  
Luke Martin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Performance Evaluation ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Fire Test

Rail Tank Car Total Containment Fire Testing: Results and Observations

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Gonzalez ◽  
Anand Prabhakaran ◽  
Andrew Robitaille ◽  
A. M. Birk ◽  
Frank Otremba
Keyword(s):  
Test Performance ◽  
Fire Test ◽  
Thermal Protection ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Fire Tests ◽  
Naoh Solution ◽  
Failure Conditions ◽  
The One ◽  
Fill Level

The frequent incidences of Non-Accident Releases (NARs) of lading from tank cars have resulted in an increasing interest in transporting hazardous materials in total containment conditions (i.e., no pressure relief devices). However, the ability of tank cars to meet thermal protection requirements provided in the Code of Federal Regulations under conditions of total containment has not been established. The intent of this effort was to evaluate through a series of third-scale fire tests, the ability of tank cars to meet the thermal protection requirements under total containment conditions, with a particular focus on caustic ladings. A previous paper on this effort described the test design and planning effort associated with this research effort. A series of seven fire tests were conducted using third scale tanks. The test fires simulated fully engulfing, hydrocarbon fueled, pool fire conditions. The initial tests were conducted with water as a lading under jacketed and non-jacketed conditions and also with different fill levels (98% full or 50% full). Additionally, two tests were conducted with the caustic, Sodium Hydroxide as the lading, each test with a different fill level. In general, the tanks with water were allowed to fail or reach near-failure conditions, whereas, the tests with the caustic lading were not allowed to proceed near failure for safety reasons. This paper describes the results and observations from the fire tests, and discusses the various factors that affected the fire test performance of the test tanks. Review of results from the one-third scale tests, and subsequent scaling to full-scale suggest that a full-scale tank car filled with 50% NaOH solution is unlikely to meet the 100-minute survival requirement under conditions of total containment.

New techniques and a new approach to the effective extinguishing of fully developed fires in enclosed spaces

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 213-224
Author(s):  
Norbert Tuśnio ◽  
Paweł Wolny
Keyword(s):  
Fire Suppression ◽  
Radiant Heat ◽  
Fire Service ◽  
Water Mist ◽  
Abrasive Waterjet ◽  
Water Spray ◽  
Fire Extinguishing ◽  
Pressure Water ◽  
Fire Area ◽  
In Fire

An example of modern water mist extinguishing technology is presented in the article. Water mist systems are firefighting systems which uses very fine water sprays. The smallest water droplets allow a water mist to control, suppress or extinguish fires by cooling both the flame and hot gases by evaporation, displacing oxygen by evaporation and reducing radiant heat through the small droplets themselves. The effectiveness of water mist systems in fire suppression depends on its spray characteristics, which include the droplet size and distribution, flux density and spray dynamics, phase of fire development, fire size and the ventilation conditions. The COBRA (known as PyroLance in USA) systems presented use of a cutting extinguisher is a fire extinguishing technique that combines abrasive waterjet cutting with water spray extinguishing, through a single handpiece or nozzle. The firefighter approaches the fire from outside the main fire area, then uses the cutting action to drill a small hole through a barrier such as a door, wall, roof or floor. Switching to a water spray then allows the fire to be fought, as with a conventional fog nozzle. An analysis of the benefits of using high-pressure water mist in conjunction with new firefighting tactics is described. State Fire Service should aim to minimize water consumption and thus reduce the post-fire losses, take care of environmental protection and improve safety conditions for firefighters.

The Double-Diffusive Convection in the Process of Water Mist Fire Suppression

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Xu ◽  
Wen-Qiang Lu
Keyword(s):  
Fire Suppression ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Water Mist ◽  
Droplet Radius ◽  
Water Spray ◽  
Double Diffusive Convection ◽  
Smoke Movement ◽  
Thermal Buoyancy ◽  
Diffusive Convection ◽  
Double Diffusive

In the research of the mechanism of water mist fire suppression, thermal buoyancy has important effects on smoke movement and temperature distribution, but the effects of the smoke diffusion are less considered. In this paper, a computational method couple dual reciprocity boundary element method (DRBEM) with finite volume method (FVM) is developed to study the thermal and smoke diffusion effects on the smoke movement, temperature and CO2 concentration distribution. And the interaction between the smoke and a water spray is calculated using FVM with the PSIC scheme. The DRBEM is employed to calculate the inner temperature of the droplet and radius variation, and the results show that when the droplet radius less than 1mm, the uniformly temperature assumption is reasonable. Numerical results also show the gradients of temperature and smoke concentration drive double-diffusive convection have different effects on the smoke temperature and CO2 concentration with and without water spray.

The removal and morphology of intact biofilms from implanted venous access devices

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 1020-1021
Author(s):  
M.A. Gregory ◽  
G.P. Hadley
Keyword(s):  
Patient Selection ◽  
Surgical Oncology ◽  
Venous Access ◽  
Common Procedure ◽  
Indwelling Catheters ◽  
Careful Patient ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Vascular Catheters ◽  
Venous Access Devices

The insertion of implanted venous access systems for children undergoing prolonged courses of chemotherapy has become a common procedure in pediatric surgical oncology. While not permanently implanted, the devices are expected to remain functional until cure of the primary disease is assured. Despite careful patient selection and standardised insertion and access techniques, some devices fail. The most commonly encountered problems are colonisation of the device with bacteria and catheter occlusion. Both of these difficulties relate to the development of a biofilm within the port and catheter. The morphology and evolution of biofilms in indwelling vascular catheters is the subject of ongoing investigation. To date, however, such investigations have been confined to the examination of fragments of biofilm scraped or sonicated from sections of catheter. This report describes a novel method for the extraction of intact biofilms from indwelling catheters.15 children with Wilm’s tumour and who had received venous implants were studied. Catheters were removed because of infection (n=6) or electively at the end of chemotherapy.

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