Internal Security and Selected Modern Information Systems of the Police and Border Guard

The author discusses the functions of the state, with particular emphasis on internal security. The article presents selected police and border guard international and national IT systems and their role in ensuring security. The article also contains information on modern innovative IT solutions supporting the command process and communication of the Polish Police with the public.

Legal and Axiological Basis for Social Reintegration of Persons Sentenced to Imprisonment and Public Participation in the Process

The article discusses the problem of social reintegration of prisoners, which — despite being raised many a time in the relevant literaturę — remains to be a point of issue. In the light of a recent survey conducted by the Polish Public Opinion Research Centre (hereinafter: CBOS), former convicts are considered by the Polish society as one of the groups of people most at risk of social exclusion. In turn, a report of the Ministry of Justice of 2020, regarding convicted adults, shows that a very large number of people leaving prison return to crime as early as in the first year after being released, which, for obvious reasons, has a negative impact on the internal security of our country. These circumstances encourage one to take a fresh glance at the problem of social reintegration of convicts and to search for additional arguments in favor of extending special support to this group of people. A review of the existing legislation indicates that it allows the principle of individualisation of assistance for the sake of social readaptation of individual convicts to be applied to an unlimited extent. What is strictly limited, however, is the circle of persons who can undertake activities for the social readaptation of prisoners during their imprisonment. The exclusion from the above-mentioned circle of all persons validly convicted of intentional offences is unjustified, and with regard to those members of society who, outside the structures of non-governmental organisations, wish to engage in activities for the social readaptation of convicted persons is downright unlawful, as it is contrary to higher-order legal acts. An in-depth analysis of the law in force leads to the conclusion that argumentation for not treating this social group differently from other individuals most at risk of social exclusion can be found in the constitution itself. On the other hand, a review of lower-order legal acts leads to the observation that since our country's accession to the European Union there have appeared both new measures and additional reasons, different from those traditionally identified in the doctrine of executive criminal law, for investing in any human capital in need of support, including persons sentenced to imprisonment.

Attitude of Individuals First Entering Labour Market to the Implementation of Equality of Treatment Principle in Labour Relations

By invoking scientific doctrine, legal regulations and official statistics, the paper aims at assessing the actual position of females and males in labour relations in Lithuania as well as identifying the problems of the legal regulation of gender equality. The survey conducted among MRU Public Security Academy students was dedicated to disclosing the perceptions of individuals first entering the labour market about (in)equality in labour relations and experiences in the course of professional practice. To attain these objectives, certain goals were set: analysis of multiple layers of the concept of equality, legal regulation of the principle of gender equality and its inclusion in labour relations and statutory service. Furthermore, the present paper considered various trends and patterns in the implementation of the gender equality principle in labour relations, based on the analysis of the data of the Office of the Equal Opportunities Ombudsperson. Empirical research was carried out to assess the experience of students who had their professional practice in police headquarters in terms of gender inequality. Based on the performed survey that involved the students of MRU Public Security Academy, it should be concluded that the majority of students did not understand the different behaviours that could violate an individual’s rights in terms of the equality of men and women. When responding to certain questions, the majority of respondents indicated that gender inequality in Lithuania existed only to the extent it occurred naturally; however, when responding to other questions, the majority stated that there were numerous situations during their practice when they experienced discrimination (i.e. preferential treatment of one of the genders, abuse due to gender etc.). This can lead to the conclusion that violations of gender equality committed on certain grounds are perceived as a natural phenomenon resulting from natural differences between the sexes and because of this, certain flawed behaviour is justified. This results in fewer opportunities for individuals to report violations to responsible institutions and thus ensure the protection of their rights as well as to share their experiences with other individuals and, as a result, educate them.

Organised Crime as a Political Influence Tool of the Russian Federation

The article attempts to describe the use of organised crime to achieve the political goals of the Russian Federation. This phenomenon escapes unambiguous scientific classifications and has an eminently interdisciplinary character. This is because organised crime is usually analysed in the classical criminological literature as a pathology the state fights. However, it turns out that organised crime structures can be an element of the foreign policy carried out by covert and illegal means. Therefore, the criminological perspective should be supplemented with a viewpoint of political and security sciences. The direct inspiration for this paper came from the analyses carried out by Galeotti, an expert in security and international relations. It refers to the practical manifestations of the activities of Russian special services: SVR, GRU and FSB, in which Russian-speaking criminal networks are used. The author believes it can be analysed in terms of the concept known in the Anglo-Saxon scientific circle as a so-called state crime.

Decision Games as an Element of Managerial Improvement in Crisis Management

In order to ensure effective counteraction to contemporary security threats, maximum limitation of human losses, property and natural environment losses, a multi-level and multi-element system of crisis management has been organized in Poland, covering all levels of government and local government administration as well as specialist services, guards, separate inspections and non-governmental organisations. The effectiveness of this system, most of whose participants are not full-time employees, depends, among other things, on proper training and preparation of managerial staff. One of the most important contemporary methods of training and improvement of managerial staff is the method of “decision games”, which should be aimed at training the managers of crisis management systems in solving complex problems and shaping intellectual features that affect the efficiency of action and creative thinking of decision-makers, especially during the search for rational solutions to problems, in conditions of difficult to determine risk. This method has many advantages, including the possibility of implementing theoretical knowledge about crisis management into practical solutions, practising in conditions which decision-makers may encounter in reality, the coverage of practically the whole area of decision-making in crisis management, or the implementation of the acquired knowledge and skills into practical actions but on “paper” in conditions free from the risk of human losses or property or natural environment losses due to wrong decisions.

Origin of a Risk-Based Security System

In general, from a long-term perspective, we implement various systems aimed to improve our lives. The exception, however, is war, which — by definition — assumes achieving certain benefits through losses. Therefore, in the case of armed conflicts, it is impossible to ensure stabilisation and balance of social relations, as every military conflict, while serving future goals, simultaneously ruins the present ones. After all, war is the manifestation of risks undertaken in the name of uncertain objectives and a tragedy experienced both by losers and winners. War always entails losses, suffering and widespread crime, as well as blurs the concept of moral good. From this point of view, war appears to be foolish and dangerous to life and health. Nevertheless, militarisation has been the most pronounced trend underlining the dynamics of history, driving technological progress and civilisational development, even at the cost of abandoning transcendental hope for the better. War, although an unquestionable evil, does not deter people, but rather entices them, as exemplified by various dangerous behaviours in common risk-taking at various levels.

Normative and Theoretical References of Post Penitentiary Probation in the Republic of Moldova

This article discusses the institution of post penitentiary probation from the perspective of penal-executional legislation of the Republic of Moldova and the relevant doctrine. Thus, it is mentioned that probation is considered to be an important stage in the context of the adjustment of national legislations to international standards aiming at setting up an intermediate area within the penalty system, re-evaluating the repressive concept to replace it with a curative model. In the conclusions, it is outlined that in order to solve the issue of resocialisation and full integration of the inmates/convicts in every single case, it is absolutely necessary to have a differential treatment, an individual-based approach by applying the most effective means and methods of work. However, the supervision will only have a minimal effect if not accompanied by the granting of social support. On the other hand, social support without any supervision has no effect either.

The Counterterrorism Systemic Solutions in the Context of Places of Worship in Poland — a Literature Review

The purpose of the paper was to understand the Counterterrorism Systemic Solutions in the Context of Places of Worship in Poland, in particular, their infrastructure. The term: ‘places of worship’ is defined as indoor area (i.e. synagogues, Muslim mosques, Hindu temples, Christian and Catholic churches) where people meet to practice their religion, and outdoor area (i.e. car parks, road network), which is a part of their infrastructure.

Object of complaints to the investigating judge regarding the judicial control of acts, actions / inactions to the criminal investigation body

The examination of complaints by the investigating judge, filed by the parties to the proceedings and other persons claiming the violation of their rights in criminal proceedings, is an important form of control for detecting and preventing violations of law and errors committed by criminal prosecution bodies and which carries out the operative activity of investigations.

Legal Aspects of Domestic Violence in the Light of Amendments to the Police Act and Other Acts

Violence in the family is an important social issue and one of the most dangerous pathological problems leading to victimisation. It can take various forms, namely physical, psychological, economic and sexual abuse, and each time it causes multi-level consequences for all family members. The extent of domestic violence and its consequences show that the binding regulations of the Act on Counteracting Domestic Violence, as well as of the Code of Criminal Procedure, referring among others to the order for the perpetrator of domestic violence to leave the place of residence, have often proved insufficient in practice. It was therefore necessary to introduce more effective instruments of the legal protection of a person subjected to violence into the Polish legal system, allowing, inter alia, to order the offender to leave the place of residence with immediate effect. It was additionally improved by allowing the court, as a form of safeguarding measures under the provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure, to extend the validity of an order or a ban issued by the Police or Military Police for a further period of more than 14 days, as well as by speeding up the proceedings related to obliging a violent person to leave a shared dwelling and its immediate vicinity or bar him or her from the dwelling and its immediate vicinity. This was expressed in the Act of 30 April 2020 on amending the Act - the Code of Civil Procedure that came into force on 30 November 2020 and in some other acts. The introduced regulations will make it possible to ensure the safety of a person affected by violence who will not have to leave the dwelling to seek shelter for themselves and their children, and should also contribute to the improvement of victims’ situation and measures taken to counteract violence in the family.