Time-inconsistent preferences and the minimum legal tobacco consuming age

2020 ◽  
pp. 104346312096460
Author(s):  
Bertrand Crettez ◽  
Régis Deloche
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
The United States ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Adult Age ◽  
Intertemporal Preferences ◽  
Minimum Age ◽  
Time Inconsistent ◽  
The Individual

In both the United States of America and the European Union, Member States are encouraged to prevent young people from starting to smoke by forbidding selling tobacco products to people under a certain age. By contrast, there are in general no legal minimum age requirements for consuming those products. Our aim is to address such discrepancy from a theoretical viewpoint by focusing on the case where people have time-inconsistent preferences. Specifically, we build a three-period (youth, adulthood, old age) model of smoking decision in which individual intertemporal preferences are present-biased. Then, using this model, we show that when agents are naive, that is when they are unaware that their intertemporal preferences are time-inconsistent, it may be worthwhile, from the individual viewpoint, to legally prevent young people from smoking. This conclusion does not always hold, because what is good for an agent in youth can be disputable in adult age (and conversely). When individuals are sophisticated, that is, not naive, a legal smoking age (either for buying, consuming or selling tobacco products) is pointless. This conclusion is also reached if one follows the continuing person approach advocated by Sugden. JEL Classification Numbers : I12, I18, K32, D15

#Votebecause: Youth mobilisation for the referendum on British membership of the European Union

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 4017-4034 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Sloam
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
European Union ◽  
Young People ◽  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Electoral Participation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
General Elections ◽  
The Individual

For several decades, academics and political commentators have lamented the decline in electoral participation among younger citizens. In the United Kingdom, the proportion of 18- to 24-year-olds voting in general elections fell from over 60% in 1992 to an average of 40% between 2001 and 2015. Nevertheless, the high youth turnout in 2017 showed that young people will vote if they are interested in an issue or cause. Despite the scholarly interest in youth turnout, few studies have investigated the individual motivations for electoral participation among young people. This article aims to fill this gap. It presents a qualitative analysis of ‘#Votebecause’, an offline–online initiative to encourage students to vote in the 2016 referendum on British membership of the European Union. The findings identify the importance of social networks, appropriate spaces for communication, deliberation, prior group membership and internal efficacy for engaging young people in the campaign.

scholarly journals Young people in the labor market. Improvement or stagnation?

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-127
Author(s):  
Halina Sobocka–Szczapa
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Young People ◽  
Lower Limit ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Upper Limit ◽  
Minimum Age ◽  
Main Determinants ◽  
Polish Law

Abstract The aim of the study is that evaluate the situation of young people on the labor market in Poland and the European Union, as well as to identify the main determinants have an impact That on it. As is clear from the study, in comparison to the average in the countries of European Union, the situation of young people in Poland is even more difficult, as evidenced by Analyzed in this elaboration parameters characterizing both economic activity and unemployment. In Celui improve the competitive position of young people, it is necessary to implement a series of actions, especially those that enable them to acquire skills in line with the expectations of employers. In the analyzes Assumed ages 15-24 years. The lower limit of age is specified to polish law of so-called the minimum age at Which you can hire an employee, and the upper limit-is consistent with international findings.

Youth Cultures and Contexts

Making Change ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 49-56
Author(s):  
Tina P. Kruse
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Change ◽  
Young People ◽  
The United States ◽  
Frame Of Reference ◽  
Cultural Narratives ◽  
Youth Cultures ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Limiting Parameters ◽  
The Individual

This chapter examines the most relevant youth contexts in the United States at this socio-historical point in time. To do so with any accuracy requires drawing on multiple fields of inquiry—youth contexts are not solely the study of developmental scientists. Thus, this chapter reviews prominent theories of cultural theorists, sociologists, educational researchers, and political scientists to establish a depiction of the contemporary American youth context. The aim is a macro-level view of the policies and practices influencing the individual youth micro-level, including the reader’s frame of reference. A brief examination of current cultural narratives about young people can inform analysis about limiting parameters: youth who lead social change are often portrayed as either “cute” or “dangerous,” with both views disparaging their efforts and undermining their credible power.

The Impact of Contingency Fees on Collective Antitrust Actions: Experiments from Lithuania and Poland

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 368-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Žygimantas Juška
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Group Actions ◽  
The United States ◽  
Individual Behavior ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Contingency Fees ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

Contingency-fee agreements are one—if not the only—tool that can be used to ensure that small-stakes collective antitrust actions are heard, yet they are subject to strong resistance from the European Union. There is a concern that contingency fees could lead to abuses of the system or conflicts of interest, as has been seen in the United States. Contrary to eu policy, two proactive member states—Lithuania and Poland—have introduced the possibility of using contingency fees in group litigation in order to facilitate group actions. Despite having a lot of potential, this paper will demonstrate that the introduction alone of contingency fees will not facilitate the compensation objective that is embedded in the Directive on damages actions. In addition, it will show that the safeguard policy against frivolous litigation is sufficient to limit the possibilities for litigation abuses, but it is ineffective for monitoring the individual behavior of group representatives.

scholarly journals US Tobacco 21 is Paving the Way for a Tobacco Endgame

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 1179173X2110503
Author(s):  
Samuel C J Kim ◽  
Jason E Martinez ◽  
Yanjun Liu ◽  
Theodore C Friedman
Keyword(s):  
High School Students ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Control Program ◽  
The United States ◽  
School Students ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Tobacco Control Program ◽  
Tobacco Addiction ◽  
The Us ◽  
Minimum Age

The battle against tobacco usage is being fought on all fronts. On December 19, 2019, a measure to raise the minimum age to buy tobacco products to 21 from 18 was passed by the United States Congress and signed by President Donald Trump. This instated banning the sale of all tobacco products and electronic cigarettes to anyone in the US under the age of 21. This follows the raising of the age to buy tobacco in California to 21 in 2016. According to the California Tobacco Control Program: in 2016, roughly 10% of high-school students were smoking cigarettes, but by 2018, only 2%. The percentage of retailers selling tobacco to underaged youth dropped dramatically. These data show that the CA Tobacco 21 law was effective in decreasing the obtainability and usage of tobacco by youth. We expect that US Tobacco 21 will be similarly effective in reducing tobacco use by youth leading to less tobacco addiction in the US.

scholarly journals Súčasné výzvy v oblasti mládeže

2020 ◽  
pp. 276-288
Author(s):  
Natália Mulinová
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Young People ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Pilot Survey ◽  
Critical Areas ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
Increasing Risk ◽  
The Individual ◽  
European Youth

The main aim of the paper is to detect current youth challenges in the context of modern Europe, based on the new European Union Strategy for Youth, which will be a source document fot the years 2019 to 2027. An integral part of the Strategy are the European goals and challenges of the current generation of young people, determined by youth across Europe, as a result of the sixth cycle of the European Youth Dialogue, entitled 'Youth in Europe: What is next? In view of eleven European goals and challenges for young Europeans, we initiated a pilot survey in the form of a questionnaire with students at University of St. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava. The aim of the pilot survey was to obtain relevant data, information from the student's perspective, capturing the attitudes and opinions on the individual areas that the European objectives accurately define. On the basis of the research results, students know most about the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union. They know the least about the Court of Justice of the European Union and the European Council. In general, however, they are skeptical of the European Union and its institutions, although, as the survey has shown, students rarely seek information about its activities. Gender equality is one of the other cross-sectoral areas incorporated in the European Youth Goals and Challenges. Students (61.9%) realize that in the conditions of the Slovak Republic discriminatory tendencies prevail over the issue of equal employment opportunities for men and women, which most often result from stereotyped beliefs. One of the most critical areas that European youth has defined is the mental health of young people, which is currently stigmatized. Increasing risk of mental disorders is also recognized by the students involved in our survey (79.9%). Social networks, pressures from society, increased demands of employers or discriminatory manifestations are the most cited causes by students.

scholarly journals Modelling Variation in Petroleum Products’ Refining Footprints

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Johnson ◽  
Carl Vadenbo
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Carbon Footprints ◽  
Product Systems ◽  
Total Burden ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Social Importance ◽  
Renewable Fuels Standard

Energy-related greenhouse gas emissions dominate the carbon footprints of most product systems, and petroleum is one of the main types of energy sources. This is consumed as a variety of refined products – most notably diesel, petrol (gasoline) and jet fuel (kerosene). Refined product carbon footprints are of great importance to regulators, policymakers and environmental decision-makers. For instance, they are at the heart of legislation such as the European Union’s Renewable Energy Directive or the United States’ Renewable Fuels Standard. This study identified 14 datasets that report footprints for the same system, European petroleum refining. For the main refined products – diesel, petrol and jet fuel – footprints vary by at least a factor of three. For minor products, the variation is even greater. Five different organs of the European Commission have estimated refining footprints: for main products these are relatively harmonic; for minor products much less so. The footprint variation is due mainly to differing approaches to refinery modelling, especially regarding the rationale and methods applied to assign shares of the total burden from the petroleum refinery operation to the individual products. Given the economic/social importance of refined products, a better harmony of their footprints would be valuable to their users.

Adolescent Pregnancy—A Multifaceted Problem

1979 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 123-126
Author(s):  
Elizabeth R. McAnarney ◽  
Donald E. Greydanus
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Young People ◽  
Adolescent Pregnancy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sexually Active ◽  
Hispanic Youth ◽  
Minimum Age ◽  
Blacks And Whites ◽  
Adolescent Pregnancies ◽  
Age Of Menarche

Adolescent pregnancy is a major child health problem in the United States. Nearly one million adolescents became pregnant in 1977. Adolescent pregnancies result from earlier biologic maturity and sexual activity. The average age of menarche in the United States is approximately 12.6 years and has declined four months during each decade in the last century. Boys also mature earlier than their peers of previous generations. As a result of better nutrition, the minimum age of biologic maturity has probably been attained. More young people are sexually active now than they were 25 years ago. In the late 1940s, 20% of unmarried women between 16 and 20 years of age reported having had intercourse. In 1971, 46% of unmarried women aged 19 years reported having had intercourse at least once and in 1976, 55%.1 In 1975, 69% of a sample of adolescent males were sexually experienced with black and Hispanic youth having had their first coital experience at the earliest ages.2 Of the approximately one million adolescents who became pregnant, 570,622 delivered children and approximately 370,000 had abortions. Birth rates to adolescents decreased between 1965 and 1975 for all ages, except for blacks and whites under 15 years and whites 15 to 17 years of age.

The Paradox of the Global and the Local in the Financial Crisis of 2008: Applying the Lessons of Caritas in Veritate to the Regulation of Consumer Credit in the United States and the European Union

2010 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth R. Schiltz
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Real Estate ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortgage Loan ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Current Crisis ◽  
Contractual Relationship ◽  
Caritas In Veritate ◽  
The Individual

In his recent encyclical Caritas in Veritate, Pope Benedict XVI grapples with one of the most vexing paradoxes concerning the current global economic crisis. There is no question that it is a global financial crisis. The collapse of the subprime mortgage loan market in the U.S. in 2007 prefigured similar collapses of real estate bubbles in other parts of the world. The collapse of these real estate bubbles exposed the degree of interconnectedness among financial institutions across the globe created by the worldwide market for the derivate investment products created on the backs of the underlying real estate loans—the mortgage-backed securities in all their complex manifestations, and the credit default swaps that were essentially insurance policies on the risks of default of these securities. Various configurations of international coordinating bodies have called for global responses to the crisis. At its root, however, the current crisis is in a very important sense fundamentally a uniquely local phenomenon. It is the result of individual consumer transactions that are about as inherently local as a commercial transaction can ever get—loans to specific individual consumers tied to specific unique, unmovable pieces of residential real estate. Every single loan packaged into the bundles of investment opportunities that became “toxic assets” held by large institutional investors originated with a contractual relationship between an individual borrower and a single lender. In addition to the global macroeconomic consequences of the collapse of this market, every one of these loans that goes into default has personal consequences for the individual borrower whose home is the collateral for that loan.

Is RCEP a Panacea for India?

2021 ◽  
pp. 001946622199862
Author(s):  
Rajat Deb
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
The United States ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
The Political ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Foreign Investments ◽  
Pull Out ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Economic Partnership ◽  
Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership

The successful integration and development strategies of East Asia and Southeast Asia in the forms of regional integrations such as the ASEAN have motivated to convert these into mega regional groups that is, the formation of the regional comprehensive economic partnership (RCEP). RCEP has remained under discussion in the political forums since 2012 which had reached its crucial phase but India had refused to sign the pact in the Bangkok summit on 4 November 2019. India’s decision to pull out from the RCEP has likely protected her domestic sectors from the Chinese aggressive dumping, but it could adversely impact foreign investments and bargaining powers with the United States and the European Union in the short run. JEL Classification Codes: P25, R11

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