Evaluating Group Member Behaviour Under Individualist and Collectivist Norms

Free riding occurs in the practical domain when some action is rational for each group member to perform but such that when everyone performs that action, it is worse overall for everyone. Dunn argues that some surprising empirical evidence about group problem-solving reveals that groups will often face cases where it is epistemically best for each individual to believe one thing, even though this is ultimately epistemically worse for the group that each member believes in this way. Dunn’s work is thus an extension of work on the division of cognitive labor and ways that group inquiry might differ from individual inquiry.

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A New Approach to Group Multi-Objective Optimization under Imperfect Information and Its Application to Project Portfolio Optimization

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11104575 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (10) ◽

pp. 4575

Author(s):

Eduardo Fernández ◽

Nelson Rangel-Valdez ◽

Laura Cruz-Reyes ◽

Claudia Gomez-Santillan

Keyword(s):

Portfolio Optimization ◽

Imperfect Information ◽

Model Parameters ◽

Final Decision ◽

Project Portfolio ◽

Objective Functions ◽

Multi Objective Optimization ◽

New Approach ◽

Multi Objective ◽

Group Member

This paper addresses group multi-objective optimization under a new perspective. For each point in the feasible decision set, satisfaction or dissatisfaction from each group member is determined by a multi-criteria ordinal classification approach, based on comparing solutions with a limiting boundary between classes “unsatisfactory” and “satisfactory”. The whole group satisfaction can be maximized, finding solutions as close as possible to the ideal consensus. The group moderator is in charge of making the final decision, finding the best compromise between the collective satisfaction and dissatisfaction. Imperfect information on values of objective functions, required and available resources, and decision model parameters are handled by using interval numbers. Two different kinds of multi-criteria decision models are considered: (i) an interval outranking approach and (ii) an interval weighted-sum value function. The proposal is more general than other approaches to group multi-objective optimization since (a) some (even all) objective values may be not the same for different DMs; (b) each group member may consider their own set of objective functions and constraints; (c) objective values may be imprecise or uncertain; (d) imperfect information on resources availability and requirements may be handled; (e) each group member may have their own perception about the availability of resources and the requirement of resources per activity. An important application of the new approach is collective multi-objective project portfolio optimization. This is illustrated by solving a real size group many-objective project portfolio optimization problem using evolutionary computation tools.

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Learning log-based automatic group formation: system design and classroom implementation study

Research and Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning ◽

10.1186/s41039-021-00156-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Changhao Liang ◽

Rwitajit Majumdar ◽

Hiroaki Ogata

Keyword(s):

Collaborative Learning ◽

Group Work ◽

Intelligent System ◽

Group Formation ◽

Modern Society ◽

Computer Supported Collaborative Learning ◽

Classroom Implementation ◽

Actual Learning ◽

Group Member ◽

Learning Log

AbstractCollaborative learning in the form of group work is becoming increasingly significant in education since interpersonal skills count in modern society. However, teachers often get overwhelmed by the logistics involved in conducting any group work. Valid support for executing and managing such activities in a timely and informed manner becomes imperative. This research introduces an intelligent system focusing on group formation which consists of a parameter setting module and the group member visualization panel where the results of the created group are shown to the user and can be graded. The system supports teachers by applying algorithms to actual learning log data thereby simplifying the group formation process and saving time for them. A pilot study in a primary school mathematics class proved to have a positive effect on students’ engagement and affections while participating in group activities based on the system-generated groups, thus providing empirical evidence to the practice of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) systems.

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A new catalogue of multiple galaxies in the Local Supercluster

International Astronomical Union Colloquium ◽

10.1017/s0252921100054725 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 174 ◽

pp. 40-45

Author(s):

D. I. Makarov ◽

I. D. Karachentsev

Keyword(s):

New Approach ◽

Galaxy Groups ◽

Closed Orbits ◽

Crossing Time ◽

Local Supercluster ◽

Virial Mass ◽

Nearby Galaxies ◽

The Individual ◽

Group Member ◽

Harmonic Radius

AbstractA new approach is suggested which makes use of the individual properties of galaxies, for the identification of small galaxy groups in the Local Supercluster. The criterion is based on the assumption of closed orbits of the companions around the dominating group member within a zero velocity sphere.The criterion is applied to a sample of 6321 nearby galaxies with radial velocities V0 ≤ 3000 km s−1. These 3472 galaxies have been assigned to 839 groups that include 55% of the sample considered. For the groups identified by the new algorithm (with k ≥ 5 members) the median velocity dispersion is 86 km s−1, the median harmonic radius is 247 kpc, the median crossing time is 0.08(1/H), and the median virial-mass-to-light ratio is 56 M⊙/L⊙.

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Justified Group Belief, Group Knowledge and Being in a Position to Know

Episteme ◽

10.1017/epi.2020.43 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Jakob Koscholke

Keyword(s):

Sufficient Conditions ◽

Single Group ◽

Group Knowledge ◽

Group Belief ◽

Group Member

Abstract Jennifer Lackey has recently presented a new and lucid analysis of the notion of justified group belief, i.e. a set of individually necessary and jointly sufficient conditions for a group to justifiedly believe some proposition. In this paper, however, I argue that the analysans she proposes is too narrow: one of the conditions she takes to be necessary for justified group belief is not necessary. To substantiate this claim, I present a potential counterexample to Lackey's analysis where a group knows and thus justifiedly believes some proposition but there is no single group member who actually believes that proposition. I close by defending the example against the objection that the group in question does not know but is at most in a position to know the target proposition.

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