Interval Production as a Secondary Task Workload Measure: Consideration of Primary Task Demands for Interval Selection

2012 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 1664-1668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Will Seidelman ◽  
C. Melody Carswell ◽  
Russell C. Grant ◽  
Michelle Sublette ◽  
Cindy H. Lio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Task ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Primary Task ◽  
Interval Selection ◽  
Interval Production

Interval production as a secondary task workload measure: Consideration of primary task demands for interval selection

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Will Seidelman ◽  
C. Melody Carswell ◽  
Russell C. Grant ◽  
Michelle Sublette ◽  
Cindy H. Lio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Task ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Primary Task ◽  
Interval Selection ◽  
Interval Production

scholarly journals Adjustment of cognitive control to the frequency of dual-task interference

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michal Olszanowski ◽  
Natalia Szostak
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Dual Task ◽  
Secondary Task ◽  
Control Experiment ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Primary Task ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Dual Task Performance ◽  
High Level ◽  
Dual Task Interference

This study explored whether the control mechanisms recruited for optimising performance are similar for dual-task and interference-task settings. We tested whether the frequency of appearance of a secondary task resulted in an adjustment of anticipatory and reflexive forms of attentional control, as has been observed with other interference tasks (e.g. stroop and flanker). The results of two experiments demonstrated a proportion congruency effect (PCE): when a secondary task frequently appeared, primary task performance was slower. Additionally, there was a relative slowdown of dual-task performance in blocks wherein the secondary task appeared infrequently compared to blocks wherein it appeared frequently. However, this slowdown occurred when the primary task entailed a low level of control (Experiment 1) but was absent when it demanded a high level of control (Experiment 2). Overall, the results suggest that level of control can be adjusted to task demands related to the frequency of the secondary task.

Does Secondary Task Measure Outcome Conflict or Resource Allocation?

1992 ◽  
Vol 36 (18) ◽  
pp. 1398-1402
Author(s):  
Pamela S. Tsang ◽  
Tonya L. Shaner
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Dual Task ◽  
Secondary Task ◽  
Tracking Error ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Primary Task ◽  
Memory Probe ◽  
Temporal Predictability ◽  
Task Measure

The secondary task technique was used to test two alternative explanations of dual task decrement: outcome conflict and resource allocation. Subjects time-shared a continuous tracking task and a discrete Sternberg memory task. The memory probes were presented under three temporal predictability conditions. Dual task performance decrements in both the tracking and memory tasks suggested that the two tasks competed for some common resources, processes, or mechanisms. Although performance decrements were consistent with both the outcome conflict and resource allocation explanations, the two explanations propose different mechanisms by which the primary task could be protected from interference from the concurrent secondary task. The primary task performance could be protected by resource allocation or by strategic sequencing of the processing of the two tasks in order to avoid outcome conflict. In addition to examining the global trial means, moment-by-moment tracking error time-locked to the memory probe was also analyzed. There was little indication that the primary task was protected by resequencing of the processing of the two tasks. This together with the suggestion that predictable memory probes led to better protected primary task performance than less predictable memory probes lend support for the resource explanation.

Primary and Secondary Task Analysis of Step Tracking: An Event-Related Potentials Approach

1981 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur Kramer ◽  
Christopher Wickens ◽  
Linda Vanasse ◽  
Earle Heffley ◽  
Emanuel Donchin
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Task ◽  
Task Difficulty ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Tracking Task ◽  
Primary Task ◽  
P300 Amplitude ◽  
Task Load ◽  
Initial Reduction ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Assessment Techniques

The utility of the Event Related Brain Potential for the evaluation of task load was investigated. Subjects performed a discrete step tracking task with either first or second order control dynamics. In different conditions, the subject covertly counted auditory probes, visual probes, or tracking target steps presented in a Bernoulli series. In a fourth experimental condition subjects performed the primary tracking task without a secondary task. In the auditory condition, an increase in the difficulty of the primary task produced a decrease in the amplitude of the P300 elicited by the secondary count task. The introduction of the primary task in the visual condition resulted in an initial reduction in P300 amplitude but increasing task difficulty failed to attenuate the P300 further. A positive relationship between primary task difficulty and P300 amplitude was obtained in the step conditions. Furthermore, this effect did not require that the step changes be counted. The results are addressed in terms of the relative advantages of primary and secondary ERP workload assessment techniques.

Primary task demands modulate P3a amplitude

2000 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thalía Harmony ◽  
Jorge Bernal ◽  
Thalía Fernández ◽  
Juan Silva-Pereyra ◽  
Antonio Fernández-Bouzas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Task Demands ◽  
Primary Task

Yoked Design and Secondary Task in Adaptive Training

1982 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-24
Author(s):  
David F. Johnson ◽  
Robert C. Haygood ◽  
William M. Olson
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Secondary Task ◽  
Task Difficulty ◽  
Primary Task ◽  
Average Level ◽  
Difficulty Level ◽  
Adaptive Training ◽  
Level Of Difficulty

This paper describes two methodological innovations in the study of adaptive training. The first is the use of a yoked design to insure that the average level of task difficulty for fixed-difficulty subjects is the same as the average level of difficulty reached by adaptive subjects. The second is the demonstration of the feasibility of using a secondary (subsidiary, non-loading) task to furnish the adaptive criterion for changing the difficulty level of the primary task. The results of two experiments are reported. Both experiments demonstrate the feasibility and utility of yoked design and adaptation on secondary task performance in adaptive training.

Fatigue in Boat Operation: The Development of a Visual Alertness Stressor Test (VAST)

1975 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 494-497
Author(s):  
C. Christian Stiehl
Keyword(s):  
Factorial Design ◽  
Secondary Task ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Environmental Stressors ◽  
Primary Task ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Design Construction

The use of secondary task to measure degradations in the performance of a primary task is well documented in the human performance literature. This paper describes research in the design, construction, and development of the Visual Alertness Stressor Test (VAST) as a means of measuring the effects of stressors on a boat operator's performance. The VAST task required the subject to respond to particular patterns of lights displayed in a semi-circle around the cockpit of the boat while he maintained a specified course with the boat. The basic measures taken were the response times and the number of missed signals. A 2 − 2 factorial design was used where the factors were the type and amount of fatigue that the subject experienced. The results confirmed that the overall effect of “typical” exposure to the environmental stressors of boating was a significant degradation in performance. The main effect of type of fatigue was insignificant, as was the interaction of type of fatigue and amount of fatigue. Implications for boating safety as well as future research efforts and applications of VAST are discussed.

scholarly journals Cognitive Load in eCommerce Applications—Measurement and Effects on User Satisfaction

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Schmutz ◽  
Silvia Heinz ◽  
Yolanda Métrailler ◽  
Klaus Opwis
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Dual Task ◽  
User Satisfaction ◽  
Secondary Task ◽  
Design Guidelines ◽  
Interactive Systems ◽  
Primary Task ◽  
Strong Correlations ◽  
General Satisfaction ◽  
Nasa Tlx

Guidelines for designing usable interfaces recommend reducing short term memory load. Cognitive load, that is, working memory demands during problem solving, reasoning, or thinking, may affect users' general satisfaction and performance when completing complex tasks. Whereas in design guidelines numerous ways of reducing cognitive load in interactive systems are described, not many attempts have been made to measure cognitive load in Web applications, and few techniques exist. In this study participants' cognitive load was measured while they were engaged in searching for several products in four different online book stores. NASA-TLX and dual-task methodology were used to measure subjective and objective mental workload. The dual-task methodology involved searching for books as the primary task and a visual monitoring task as the secondary task. NASA-TLX scores differed significantly among the shops. Secondary task reaction times showed no significant differences between the four shops. Strong correlations between NASA-TLX, primary task completion time, and general satisfaction suggest that NASA-TLX can be used as a valuable additional measure of efficiency. Furthermore, strong correlations were found between browse/search preference and NASA-TLX as well as between search/browse preference and user satisfaction. Thus we suggest browse/search preference as a promising heuristic assessment method of cognitive load.

scholarly journals Effects of concurrent task demands on language planning in fluent children and adults

2015 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 1311-1336 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAYANTHI SASISEKARAN ◽  
CARA DONOHUE
Keyword(s):  
Dual Task ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Language Planning ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Primary Task ◽  
Distractor Word ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Related Condition ◽  
Secondary Tasks

ABSTRACTThe aim of the present study was to investigate how children and adults allocate cognitive resources to performing segmental encoding and monitoring in a dual-task paradigm and the response patterns of the primary and secondary tasks in the dual task. Participants were 20 children divided equally into two age groups (7–11 and 12–15 years) and 10 adults. The primary task required participants to monitor phonemic segments in a picture–written word interference paradigm while silently naming the pictures. The picture and distractor word were the same (replica), related (phoneme onset overlap), or unrelated. The secondary task required participants to make pitch judgments on tones presented at short (330 ms) or long (1130 ms) stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) from picture onset. Developmental differences were observed in both response times and percentage errors in the primary and secondary tasks. Slower responses to the primary task were evident at the long SOA, related condition. Slower response times to the tone decision task were evident at the short rather than the long SOA. The findings support the capacity sharing account of dual-task performance and suggest that dual-task costs during language planning are higher in children than in adults.

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