How does Rasch modeling reveal difficulty and suitability level the fraction test question?

This article explains how to analyze test items in arithmetic operation with fractions to obtain the items' level of difficulty and fitness. Data were collected by using multiple-choice questions given to 50 fourth-grade students of an elementary school in Tasikmalaya city. The answers were then analyzed using the Rasch model and Winsteps 3.75 application, a combination of standard deviation (SD) and logit mean values (Mean). The score data of each person and question were used to estimate the pure score in the logit scale, indicating the level of difficulty of the test items. The categories were difficult (logit value +1 SD); very difficult (0.0 logit +1 SD); easy (0.0 logit -1 SD); very easy (logit value –SD). Three criteria were used to determine the level of difficulty and fitness of the questions: the Outfit Z-Standard/ZSTD value; Outfit Mean Square/MNSQ; and Point Measure Correlation. It resulted in a collection of test items suitable for use with several levels of difficulties, namely, difficult, very difficult, easy, and very easy, from the previous items, which had difficult, medium, and easy categories. Rasch model can help categorize questions and students' ability levels.

SOAL KEMAMPUAN PEMECAHAN MASALAH MATEMATIS BERKONTEKS KEARIFAN LOKAL BENGKULU

This study aims to produce products in the form of mathematical problem-solving ability questions based on Bengkulu local wisdom that are valid, clear, and have a good level of difficulty and discriminatory index. The subjects in this study were 30 grade VIII students of SMPN 07 Bengkulu Selatan. This development research was conducted using the Tessmer model which consisted of preliminary, self-evaluation, expert review, one-to-one, and small group stages. The data analysis used was qualitative analysis at the expert review stage to determine the validation of the questions, both in terms of content, construction, and language; one-to-one process analysis to find out the clarity of the questions, and quantitative analysis of the results of the small group to determine the characteristics of good questions based on the level of difficulty and the index of discriminating power of the questions. Based on the results of data analysis, this study produced 7 standardized questions from 10 questions that had gone through the expert review, one-to-one, and small group stages. Standardization can be seen from the level of difficulty and a good item discriminatory index.

Desain soal-soal kemampuan literasi matematis untuk siswa SMP

This research aimed to produce questions of mathematical literacy ability of Mathematical literacy ability on Triangular material for Class VII Junior High School students that are valid and practical and have a good level of difficulty and discriminatory index. This research used the Tessmer development model. Tessmer's development stages include preliminary, self-evaluation, expert review, one-to-one, and small group. The test subjects of this study were class VII students of SMP Negeri 02 Kepahiang, totaling 30 students. The selection of test subjects includes high, medium and low abilities. The data analysis technique of this study used qualitative analysis at the expert review and one to one stage and quantitative analysis at the small group stage by analyzing items based on the level of difficulty and discriminating power index. The results of the research show that the 10 questions developed, 10 questions with indicators of mathematical literacy ability on triangular material are valid and practical, 7 questions are said to be good based on the level of difficulty and discriminatory index, so that they can be used by all students of SMPN 02 Kepahiang.

Analisis Soal Computer Based Test untuk Tes Potensi Akademik dan Biologi Manusia

Education providers, one of which is a private university in Bandung, conducts entrance exams for student participants through a computer-based test system. In the entrance examination, which is carried out is a test of academic potential and human biology. Every question that belongs to both the TPA and human biology questions is stored in the university's computer-based test system. The saved questions can be used at any time, during the entrance examination period. The stored questions need to be analyzed and reviewed, with the aim that the questions can be used properly and can maintain the quality of the questions given to each examinee. In this study, an analysis of the level of difficulty and effectiveness of the distractor will be carried out. This analysis is carried out using data from 2018 to 2020 stored in the system.

Regaining motion among patients with shoulder pathology - are all exercises equal?

Background Little information exists to guide the choice of exercise for regaining shoulder range of motion (ROM). The purpose of this study was to compare the maximal ROM reached, pain and difficulty associated with 4 commonly prescribed exercises. Methods Forty (9 females) patients with various shoulder disorders and a limited flexion ROM performed 4 exercises for regaining shoulder flexion ROM in a randomized order. Exercises included the self-assisted flexion, forward bow, table slide and rope-and-pulley. Participants were videotaped while performing all exercises and the maximal flexion angle reached during each exercise was recorded using Kinovea motion analysis freeware (Kinovea 0.8.15). Pain intensity and the perceived level of difficulty associated with each exercise were also recorded. Results The forward bow and table slide generated significantly greater ROM compared with the self-assisted flexion and rope-and-pulley (P ≤ 0.005). The self-assisted flexion was associated with a greater pain intensity compared with the table slide and rope-and-pulley (P = 0.002) and a greater perceived level of difficulty compared with the table slide (P = 0.006). Conclusions Due to the greater ROM allowed, and similar or even lower level of pain or difficulty, clinicians may wish to initially recommend the forward bow and table slide for regaining shoulder flexion ROM.

Inter-rater agreement of the Pain and Disability Drivers Management rating scale

BACKGROUND: A framework to establish the biopsychosocial patient profile for persons with low back pain has been recently proposed and validated: The Pain and Disability Drivers Management model (PDDM). In order to facilitate its clinical integration, we developed the PDDM rating scale. OBJECTIVES: To determine the inter-rater agreement of the PDDM rating scale. A second objective was to determine if this inter-rater agreement varies according to the complexity of patients’ clinical presentation. METHODS: We recruited physiotherapists during workshops on the PDDM. We asked each participant to assess two clinical vignettes using the rating scale. One vignette presented a typical clinical presentation (moderate level of difficulty) and one presented an atypical presentation (complex level of difficulty). We determined inter-rater agreement with the proportion of participants who gave the same answer for each PDDM domain. RESULTS: For the typical vignette, the inter-rater agreement per domain was moderate to good (between 0.54 and 0.97). For the complex vignette, the inter-rater agreement per domain was poor to good (between 0.49 and 0.81). The comparison between the two vignettes showed a significant difference (p< 0.01) for nociceptive and cognitive-emotional domains. CONCLUSION: Overall performance indicates that the rating scale present adequate agreement for clinical use, but specific domains require further development.

An Inquiry into the Relationship between Drug Users’ Psychological Situations and Their Drug-Taking Behaviour

In view of the research gap whereby few studies have investigated the inner psychological situations underlying continuous drug use, this study used the Soulmate Scale to investigate the relationship between soulmate experience and drug-taking behaviour. Overall, 276 participants took part in this study. Results showed that soulmate experience was negatively related to drug-taking behaviour, which means that being psychologically attached to drugs and receiving comfort from them encourages dependency and a higher level of difficulty in quitting drugs. In addition, soulmate experience significantly mediated the effect of meaning of life and social isolation on drugs, suggesting that when such psychological bonding and sustenance can be developed in interpersonal relationships instead of drugs, drug users are likely to develop the meaning of life and a lower sense of social isolation, and are more likely to quit drugs. The corresponding implications were discussed.

THE PECULIARITIES OF TEACHING WRITTEN TRANSLATION IN THE FIELD OF LAW

The article also considers theoretical concepts: translation texts of different branches, the substance of legal translations, the concept of “complex of exercises”, types of exercises for teaching of writing translation. The significance and role of the field of law in translation studies were also formulated. The article considered and formulated what competencies need to be developed by future translators to work in this field. After studying the theoretical aspects, the most successful and optimal complex of exercises was selected according to all the principles, which are necessary for teaching of written translation in the field of law. It consisted of three groups, but this classification was supplemented by another group of exercises, so a total of four groups were obtained. It should be emphasized that these exercises should be performed clearly in the order in which they are presented in the article, as it is necessary to follow the principle of consistency. The article presents a complex of exercises, which is designed to teach a written translation in the field of law. It is divided into four groups: preparative exercises, exercises for formation of skills, exercises for development of skills and exercises for improvement of skills and abilities. This complex of exercises is designed according to the principles of structure and consistency, exercises are arranged according to the level of difficulty, from the easiest to the most difficult. Through the use of this complex of exercises, students will acquire the basic concepts of the field of law, gain background knowledge about the legal systems of Germany and Ukraine and will be conversant in this field. In addition to knowledge, students will be able to develop the skills and abilities they will need for their future profession. This complex of exercises is aimed at the formation and development of such competencies as information within the competence approach, lexical and translation competencies. Exercises are not presented in full, only partially. All of them are described in detail and have a clear goal, examples of most exercises are shown in the article. Exercises are made in German, although in the whole complex they are also duplicated in Ukrainian. You can follow this example of exercises for development of exercises for other profession. Key words: information competence, lexical competence, complex of exercises, legal translation, written translation, principles of consistency.

MEASURING STUDENT’S DIFFICULTIES IN READING COMPREHENSION IN LOWER SECONDARY LEVEL

The aim of this study was to prove the ability of students’ comprehension in measuring their difficulties of reading comprehension in junior high school level. This study was conducted towards students’ difficulties related to types of questions of reading comprehension. After analyzing the data from the test, the researchers concluded that the study in MTs 1 Muhammadiyah Ciputat had problems in reading comprehension. There are five sorts of the categories as difficult questions in reading comprehension. They are primary thought, making induction, finding reference, vocabulary, and detail data. The results of study revealed that students’ difficulties in answering reading questions were in comprehending main idea of reading (38%), finding reference (52%), making inference (52%), vocabulary (79%), and detail information (77%). The researchers also measured the level of difficulty in reading comprehension to figure out the students’ ability in comprehending the English text. As a result, most of the students had difficulty in determining the main idea.

General intelligence disentangled via a generality metric for natural and artificial intelligence

Success in all sorts of situations is the most classical interpretation of general intelligence. Under limited resources, however, the capability of an agent must necessarily be limited too, and generality needs to be understood as comprehensive performance up to a level of difficulty. The degree of generality then refers to the way an agent’s capability is distributed as a function of task difficulty. This dissects the notion of general intelligence into two non-populational measures, generality and capability, which we apply to individuals and groups of humans, other animals and AI systems, on several cognitive and perceptual tests. Our results indicate that generality and capability can decouple at the individual level: very specialised agents can show high capability and vice versa. The metrics also decouple at the population level, and we rarely see diminishing returns in generality for those groups of high capability. We relate the individual measure of generality to traditional notions of general intelligence and cognitive efficiency in humans, collectives, non-human animals and machines. The choice of the difficulty function now plays a prominent role in this new conception of generality, which brings a quantitative tool for shedding light on long-standing questions about the evolution of general intelligence and the evaluation of progress in Artificial General Intelligence.