“We All Get Raped”: Sexual Violence Against Latin American Women in Migratory Transit in Mexico

The article addresses some forms of sexual violence suffered by Latin American women during migratory transit through Mexico. In-depth, semi-structured, qualitative–phenomenological interviews were conducted with 10 women in different stages of major transmigration states. The findings demonstrate the ubiquity of sexual violence during the migration. Five themes were identified: (a) The migration dimension of “being a woman”; (b) Recognition of contextual factors associated with the migratory process: “Intermediaries, road, shelters and sisterhood”; (c) The costs of migration: Abuse, discrimination, and persecution: “Criminal groups, physical violence, and “La Bestia”; (d) Triggers and supports: “Escape and future expectations”; and (e) God as a support.

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Psychological Impact of Migration on Latinas: Implications for Psychotherapeutic Practice

Psychology of Women Quarterly ◽

10.1111/j.1471-6402.1987.tb00920.x ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 489-503 ◽

Cited By ~ 61

Author(s):

Oliva M. Espin

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Gender Roles ◽

Latin American ◽

Psychological Impact ◽

The United States ◽

Language Loss ◽

American Women ◽

Psychotherapeutic Practice ◽

Loss And Grief ◽

Migratory Process

This paper examines the psychological implications of the migratory process on Latin American women in the United States, addressing issues of gender roles, acculturation, language, loss, and grief that are frequently presented by immigrant Latinas in psychotherapy. The paper interprets these issues as reflective of the stresses created by the migratory process rather than as issues of individual psychopathology, and suggests ways to respond to them through psychotherapy.

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Examining the Factors Associated With Sexual Violence Against Women in Sierra Leone: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study

Journal of Interpersonal Violence ◽

10.1177/0886260520922344 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 088626052092234

Author(s):

Abdul Rahman Shour ◽

Ronald Anguzu ◽

Yuhong Zhou ◽

Kirsten Beyer

Keyword(s):

Sexual Violence ◽

Sierra Leone ◽

Representative Sample ◽

Physical Violence ◽

Survey Design ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Factors Associated ◽

The North ◽

Nationally Representative

In 2019, Sierra Leone declared national emergency over rape and other forms of sexual violence (SV), hence diverting resources from other issues to tackle SV. However, little is known about nationwide risk/protective factors for SV, and this has been a source of critique for the new policy. To fill this gap in knowledge, we investigated the factors for SV toward women using a nationally representative sample. We analyzed the 2013 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data, including 16,658 women, aged 15–49 years. The outcome was current SV, defined as being physically forced to have sexual intercourse within the last 12 months. We examined respondent’s background, sexual activities, and experience of domestic violence (DV). Logistic regression analyses were performed using STATA/SE v.15.1, accounting for survey design and sample weights. Values of p less than .05 were considered statistically significant. ArcMap was used to demonstrate geographic distribution of SV cases. We found that about 258 (6.3%) women reported SV. In adjusted analysis, women in the north (than south; 2.88, 95% CI = [1.44, 5.75]) and women circumcised between the ages of 1 and 14 (1.67, 95% CI = [1.10, 2.54]) reported higher risk of SV, respectively. Women who had sex more than 25 times per year were 6.9 times more likely to report SV, compared with those with 1 to 24 times (6.91, 95% CI = [1.48, 32.19]). The odds of SV were 6 times higher among women who reported experiencing recent physical violence (5.86, 95% CI = [2.49, 13.80]) or history of SV (6.34, 95% CI = [2.57, 15.65]). In conclusion, this study adds to the literature by providing information on major factors associated with SV toward women in Sierra Leone using a nationally representative sample. Women in the north (Tonkolili), circumcised between the ages of 1 and 14, had sex more than 25 times per year, reported physical violence (12 months before the survey) and SV (ever forced to have sex) reported higher risk for current SV. While more research is needed, these findings will help inform the current emergency operations against SV in Sierra Leone.

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Factors associated with experiencing sexual violence among female gender-based violence survivors in conflict-afflicted eastern Ukraine

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-021-10830-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ariadna Capasso ◽

Halyna Skipalska ◽

Sally Guttmacher ◽

Natalie G. Tikhonovsky ◽

Peter Navario ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sexual Violence ◽

Negative Binomial ◽

Service Providers ◽

Physical Violence ◽

Descriptive Analysis ◽

Female Gender ◽

Gender Based Violence ◽

Psychosocial Services ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Gender Based

Abstract Background Since 2014, over 1.6 million people have been forcibly displaced by the conflict in eastern Ukraine. In 2014, 8% of reproductive-aged women in Ukraine had ever experienced sexual violence, compared to 5% in 2007. This increase was driven by non-domestic sexual violence. Our study examined characteristics of women in eastern Ukraine receiving psychosocial services following sexual violence compared to survivors of other forms of gender-based violence. Methods Intake data collected between February 2016 and June 2017 by psychosocial service providers in five conflict-affected areas of Ukraine from women, aged 15–49, (N = 8525), was analyzed. Descriptive analysis and covariate adjusted logistic and negative binomial regressions were used to identify socioeconomic, incident and access to services factors associated with having experienced sexual violence compared to other forms of violence. Results Among this sample of survivors receiving psychosocial services, 2.6% (n = 220) reported experiencing sexual violence. A majority of sexual violence acts reported were committed by non-domestic perpetrators (61.4%); followed by intimate partners (25.9%). Almost half of sexual violence cases occurred at home (49.1%). Experiencing sexual violence was positively associated with being younger, single and internally displaced, and negatively with engaging in unpaid labor, such as childcare. Women who experienced sexual violence delayed seeking care by 4 days compared to other gender-based violence survivors. Sexual violence survivors were less likely than physical violence survivors to have reported the incident prior to receiving care (adjusted odds ratio = 0.39; 95% confidence interval = 0.28–0.54). Conclusions Non-domestic and intimate partner sexual violence were both prevalent in our sample. Compared to survivors disclosing other types of gender-based violence, sexual violence survivors appear to face unique barriers to reporting and accessing timely care. Prevention and outreach programs tailored to the specific vulnerabilities, such as displacement status, and needs of sexual violence survivors in conflict settings are urgently needed.

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Factors Associated With Violence Against Children in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression of Nationally Representative Data

Trauma Violence & Abuse ◽

10.1177/1524838020985532 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 152483802098553

Author(s):

Ilan Cerna-Turoff ◽

Zuyi Fang ◽

Anne Meierkord ◽

Zezhen Wu ◽

Juan Yanguela ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Sexual Violence ◽

Physical Violence ◽

Middle Income ◽

Violence Against Children ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Middle Income Countries ◽

Meta Regression ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

Low And Middle Income

Background: This systematic review and meta-regression sought to identify the relative importance of factors associated with physical, emotional, and sexual violence against children in low- and middle-income countries. Understanding of factors associated with violence is important for targeted programming and prevention on the population level. Methods: We searched 17 electronic databases from 1989 to 2018 and reports from child violence surveys. Nationally representative studies that described evidence on potential factors associated with violence against children under 18 years old were included. The search was restricted to the English language. Factors were synthesized quantitatively using robust variance estimation, with 95% confidence intervals, for each violence type. Results: We identified 8,346 unduplicated studies, and 103 publications met our eligibility criteria. The data distribution was uneven across region, country income status, factors, and violence types. Of the 94 eligible studies quantitatively synthesized, no specific factors were significant for physical violence. Lower household socioeconomic status, being a girl, and primary education of mothers and adults in the household were associated with emotional violence, and being a girl was associated with sexual violence. Conclusion: A broad spectrum of factors merit consideration for physical violence policy and prevention among the general population of children in low- and middle-income countries. Conversely, a tailored approach may be warranted for preventing emotional and sexual violence. Information is unequally distributed across countries, factors, and violence types. Greater emphasis should be placed on collecting representative data on the general population and vulnerable subgroups to achieve national reductions in violence against children.

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