The Role of Sleep in the Relationship Between ADHD Symptoms and Stop Signal Task Performance

2020 ◽  
pp. 108705472094329
Author(s):  
Brittany Mann ◽  
Emma Sciberras ◽  
Jason He ◽  
George Youssef ◽  
Vicki Anderson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Problems ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Time Variability ◽  
Adhd Symptoms ◽  
Reaction Time Variability ◽  
Children With Adhd ◽  
Attentional Lapses ◽  
Inhibition Performance ◽  
The Relationship

Background: ADHD commonly occurs with sleep problems and secondary cognitive impairments such as inhibitory control. Sleep problems may explain attentional lapses and inhibition performance variability in children with ADHD. This study applied Bayesian analyses to examine the relationship between ADHD symptoms, sleep problems, and inhibition. Methods: Participants included 73 children with ADHD and 73 non-ADHD controls, aged 10.5 to 13.5 years. The Stop Signal Task measured inhibition. Sleep problems were measured with the Adolescent Sleep Wake Scale and parent-report. Results: ADHD symptoms are associated with sleep problems and reaction time variability, however, sleep problems accounted for more variance in inhibition performance than both hyperactive and inattentive symptoms. Conclusion: Sleep problems account for inhibition performance over and above ADHD symptom severity in children with and without ADHD diagnoses. This suggests clinical utility in assessing sleep in children with manifestations of ADHD, and interventions targeting sleep problems concurrently with behavioral symptoms. This further adds to the discussion on overdiagnosis of ADHD due to behavioral presentations of underlying sleep disorders. Treatment for phenotypes of ADHD could be enhanced by targeting sleep problems, in addition to inhibition deficits and attentional lapses.

scholarly journals Children with ADHD symptoms show deficits in reactive but not proactive inhibition, irrespective of their formal diagnosis

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (15) ◽  
pp. 2515-2521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Branko M. van Hulst ◽  
Patrick de Zeeuw ◽  
Chantal Vlaskamp ◽  
Yvonne Rijks ◽  
Bram B. Zandbelt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Proactive Inhibition ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Clinical Group ◽  
Adhd Symptoms ◽  
Reactive Inhibition ◽  
Children With Adhd ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractBackgroundAttenuated inhibitory control is one of the most robust findings in the neuropsychology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, it is unclear whether this represents a deficit in outright stopping (reactive inhibition), whether it relates to a deficit in anticipatory response slowing (proactive inhibition), or both. In addition, children with other development disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), often have symptoms of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity similar to children with ADHD. These may relate to similar underlying changes in inhibitory processing.MethodsIn this study, we used a modified stop-signal task to dissociate reactive and proactive inhibition. We included not only children with ADHD, but also children primarily diagnosed with an ASD and high parent-rated levels of ADHD symptoms.ResultsWe replicated the well-documented finding of attenuated reactive inhibition in children with ADHD. In addition, we found a similar deficit in children with ASD and a similar level of ADHD symptoms. In contrast, we found no evidence for deficits in proactive inhibition in either clinical group.ConclusionsThese findings re-emphasize the role of reactive inhibition in children with ADHD and ADHD symptoms. Moreover, our findings stress the importance of a trans-diagnostic approach to the relationship between behavior and neuropsychology.

scholarly journals Correlation between brain function and ADHD symptom changes in children with ADHD following a few-foods diet: an open-label intervention trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saartje Hontelez ◽  
Tim Stobernack ◽  
Lidy M. Pelsser ◽  
Peter van Baarlen ◽  
Klaas Frankena ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adhd Symptom ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Region Of Interest ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Adhd Symptoms ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Children With Adhd

AbstractResearch into the effect of nutrition on attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children has shown that the few-foods diet (FFD) substantially decreases ADHD symptoms in 60% of children. However, the underlying mechanism is unknown. In this open-label nutritional intervention study we investigated whether behavioural changes after following an FFD are associated with changes in brain function during inhibitory control in 79 boys with ADHD, aged 8–10 years. Parents completed the ADHD Rating Scale before (t1) and after the FFD (t2). Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans were acquired during a stop-signal task at t1 and t2, and initial subject-level analyses were done blinded for ARS scores. Fifty (63%) participants were diet responders, showing a decrease of ADHD symptoms of at least 40%. Fifty-three children had fMRI scans of sufficient quality for further analysis. Region-of-interest analyses demonstrated that brain activation in regions implicated in the stop-signal task was not associated with ADHD symptom change. However, whole-brain analyses revealed a correlation between ADHD symptom decrease and increased precuneus activation (pFWE(cluster) = 0.015 for StopSuccess > Go trials and pFWE(cluster) < 0.001 for StopSuccess > StopFail trials). These results provide evidence for a neurocognitive mechanism underlying the efficacy of a few-foods diet in children with ADHD.

scholarly journals Reaction Time Variability Associated with Reading Skills in Poor Readers with ADHD

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 292-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leanne Tamm ◽  
Jeffery N. Epstein ◽  
Carolyn A. Denton ◽  
Aaron J. Vaughn ◽  
James Peugh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reading Fluency ◽  
Reading Skills ◽  
Word Reading ◽  
Neuropsychological Functioning ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Time Variability ◽  
Reaction Time Variability

AbstractLinkages between neuropsychological functioning (i.e., response inhibition, processing speed, reaction time variability) and word reading have been documented among children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and children with Reading Disorders. However, associations between neuropsychological functioning and other aspects of reading (i.e., fluency, comprehension) have not been well-documented among children with comorbid ADHD and Reading Disorder. Children with ADHD and poor word reading (i.e., ≤25th percentile) completed a stop signal task (SST) and tests of word reading, reading fluency, and reading comprehension. Multivariate multiple regression was conducted predicting the reading skills from SST variables [i.e., mean reaction time (MRT), reaction time standard deviation (SDRT), and stop signal reaction time (SSRT)]. SDRT predicted word reading, reading fluency, and reading comprehension. MRT and SSRT were not associated with any reading skill. After including word reading in models predicting reading fluency and reading comprehension, the effects of SDRT were minimized. Reaction time variability (i.e., SDRT) reflects impairments in information processing and failure to maintain executive control. The pattern of results from this study suggest SDRT exerts its effects on reading fluency and reading comprehension through its effect on word reading (i.e., decoding) and that this relation may be related to observed deficits in higher-level elements of reading. (JINS, 2014, 20, 1–10)

scholarly journals Reaction Time Variability in Children With ADHD Symptoms and/or Dyslexia

2012 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 453-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debbie Gooch ◽  
Margaret J. Snowling ◽  
Charles Hulme
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Time Variability ◽  
Adhd Symptoms ◽  
Reaction Time Variability ◽  
Children With Adhd

Neuroticism and Speed-Accuracy Tradeoff in Self-Paced Speeded Mental Addition and Comparison

2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 130-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hagen C. Flehmig ◽  
Michael B. Steinborn ◽  
Karl Westhoff ◽  
Robert Langner
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Response Speed ◽  
Time Variability ◽  
Reaction Time Variability ◽  
Comparison Task ◽  
Processing Efficiency ◽  
Mental Addition ◽  
Speed Accuracy ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Accuracy Tradeoff

Previous research suggests a relationship between neuroticism (N) and the speed-accuracy tradeoff in speeded performance: High-N individuals were observed performing less efficiently than low-N individuals and compensatorily overemphasizing response speed at the expense of accuracy. This study examined N-related performance differences in the serial mental addition and comparison task (SMACT) in 99 individuals, comparing several performance measures (i.e., response speed, accuracy, and variability), retest reliability, and practice effects. N was negatively correlated with mean reaction time but positively correlated with error percentage, indicating that high-N individuals tended to be faster but less accurate in their performance than low-N individuals. The strengthening of the relationship after practice demonstrated the reliability of the findings. There was, however, no relationship between N and distractibility (assessed via measures of reaction time variability). Our main findings are in line with the processing efficiency theory, extending the relationship between N and working style to sustained self-paced speeded mental addition.

The Functional Impact of Sleep Disorders in Children With ADHD

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 499-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie G. Craig ◽  
Margaret D. Weiss ◽  
Kristen L. Hudec ◽  
Christopher Gibbins
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Disorders ◽  
Functional Impairment ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Sleep Problems ◽  
Parent Report ◽  
Adhd Symptoms ◽  
Children With Adhd ◽  
Sleep Complaints ◽  
Sleep Schedule

Objective: Children with ADHD display higher rates of sleep problems, and both sleep disorders and ADHD have been shown to affect functioning in childhood. The current study examines the frequency and relationship between sleep problems and ADHD, and their impact on quality of life (QoL) and functional impairment. Method: Parents of 192 children with ADHD ( M = 10.23 years) completed measures regarding their child’s ADHD symptoms (Swanson, Nolan and Pelham [SNAP]), sleep disorders (Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire [PSQ]), QoL (Child Health Illness Profile [CHIP-PE]), and functioning (Weiss Functional Impairment Rating Scale–Parent Report [WFIRS-P]). Results: Common sleep complaints in participants were insomnia, excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), and variability in sleep schedule. Regression analysis indicated that sleep problems and ADHD symptoms independently predicted lower levels of QoL (Δ R2 = .12, p < .001) and social functioning (Δ R2 = .12, p < .001). Conclusion: The results suggest that ADHD may coexist with somnolence and that both conditions have a significant impact on a child’s functioning and QoL.

scholarly journals Cognitive Modeling Suggests That Attentional Failures Drive Longer Stop-Signal Reaction Time Estimates in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 856-872 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Weigard ◽  
Andrew Heathcote ◽  
Dóra Matzke ◽  
Cynthia Huang-Pollock
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Cognitive Modeling ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Unbiased Estimation ◽  
Children With Adhd ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Stop Signal Reaction Time

Mean stop-signal reaction time (SSRT) is frequently employed as a measure of response inhibition in cognitive neuroscience research on attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, this measurement model is limited by two factors that may bias SSRT estimation in this population: (a) excessive skew in “go” RT distributions and (b) trigger failures, or instances in which individuals fail to trigger an inhibition process in response to the stop signal. We used a Bayesian parametric approach that allows unbiased estimation of the shape of entire SSRT distributions and the probability of trigger failures to clarify mechanisms of stop-signal task deficits in ADHD. Children with ADHD displayed greater positive skew than their peers in both go RT and SSRT distributions. However, they also displayed more frequent trigger failures, which appeared to drive ADHD-related stopping difficulties. Results suggest that performance on the stop-signal task among children with ADHD reflects impairments in early attentional processes, rather than inefficiency in the stop process.

The Influence of Methylphenidate on Hyperactivity and Attention Deficits in Children With ADHD: A Virtual Classroom Test

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Mühlberger ◽  
K. Jekel ◽  
T. Probst ◽  
M. Schecklmann ◽  
A. Conzelmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Virtual Classroom ◽  
Head Movements ◽  
Time Variability ◽  
Adhd Group ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Reaction Time Variability ◽  
Children With Adhd ◽  
Omission Errors

Objective: This study compares the performance in a continuous performance test within a virtual reality classroom (CPT-VRC) between medicated children with ADHD, unmedicated children with ADHD, and healthy children. Method: N = 94 children with ADHD ( n = 26 of them received methylphenidate and n = 68 were unmedicated) and n = 34 healthy children performed the CPT-VRC. Omission errors, reaction time/variability, commission errors, and body movements were assessed. Furthermore, ADHD questionnaires were administered and compared with the CPT-VRC measures. Results: The unmedicated ADHD group exhibited more omission errors and showed slower reaction times than the healthy group. Reaction time variability was higher in the unmedicated ADHD group compared with both the healthy and the medicated ADHD group. Omission errors and reaction time variability were associated with inattentiveness ratings of experimenters. Head movements were correlated with hyperactivity ratings of parents and experimenters. Conclusion: Virtual reality is a promising technology to assess ADHD symptoms in an ecologically valid environment.

scholarly journals Der Effekt von Belohnungen auf die intraindividuelle Variabilität der Reaktionszeit bei erwachsenen ADHS-Patienten : eine Analyse anhand des Ex-Gauß’schen Verteilungsmodells

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Vera Christine Deppert
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Adult Adhd ◽  
Monetary Incentive ◽  
Time Variability ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Adhd Symptoms ◽  
Reaction Time Variability ◽  
Delay Task ◽  
Monetary Incentive Delay Task ◽  
Monetary Incentive Delay

Increased intraindividual variability of reaction time is a main cognitive feature of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. It is associated with deficits in sustained attention. While traditionally, mean and variance were used to characterize reaction time distributions, the ex-gaussian distributional model allows a more sophisticated analysis of reaction time series. Reaction time distributions are separated in a normal and an exponential component. The present study investigates the impact of incentives on reaction time variability in a sample of adult ADHD patients. ADHD is associated with increased Tau, the output parameter of the ex-gaussian model characterizing the exponential part of the distribution. Tau is linked to “lapses of attention”, which are more frequent in ADHD patients. It is known that tau can be modulated in ADHD Patients. It was therefore postulated that tau would be higher in ADHD Patients in a paradigm where quick answers were required but could be modulated by monetary incentives. In addition, the effect of “delay discounting”, which is more distinct in ADHD patients, on reaction time variability was investigated. Eventually, the association of variability measures with strength of ADHD symptoms was tested. To this end, reaction time distributions of 62 adult ADHD patients and 45 healthy controls from two different reaction time paradigms were analyzed. The monetary incentive delay task, by comprehending a control – and a win condition, allows an investigation of the effect of incentives on reaction times. Subjects had to react as fast as possible by keypress to a stimulus, after a cue signaled a possible monetary reward. During the Delay-Discounting-Task, subjects had to choose between sooner, but smaller, and higher delayed monetary rewards, during which they could use as much time for consideration as desired. Results show that an increased Tau in the control condition of the monetary- incentive-delay-task could be replicated, while a distinct influence of the win condition emerged. Subjects with ADHD showed an improvement of Tau in the win condition even below the level of healthy controls. However, they showed increased variability of the “regular” responses around the mean of the normal component of the distribution, represented by sigma. Moreover, it was indicated by trend a higher reaction time variability in ADHD patients during choices of delayed rewards. Tau was associated the current symptom strength as well as with the strength of ADHD-Symptoms during childhood, assessed by questionnaire. While the present results could have implications for etiological models of the disease, they may also contribute to the development of novel diagnostic methods. In advanced studies, neural correlates of sophisticated measures of reaction time variability should be investigated. Furthermore, they should be associated with genetic risk factors with regard to possible endophenotypes. Possible implications for clinical handling of patients should be explored.

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