Of Kith and Kin: Perceptual Enrichment, Expectancy, and Reciprocity in Face Perception

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 336-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Correll ◽  
Sean M. Hudson ◽  
Steffanie Guillermo ◽  
Holly A. Earls
Keyword(s):  
Mental Representation ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Predictive Coding ◽  
Visual Representations ◽  
Psychological Dimension ◽  
Task Instructions ◽  
Cognitive Work ◽  
Differential Experience ◽  
And Task

Race powerfully affects perceivers’ responses to faces, promoting biases in attention, classification, and memory. To account for these diverse effects, we propose a model that integrates social cognitive work with two prominent accounts of visual processing: perceptual learning and predictive coding. Our argument is that differential experience with a racial ingroup promotes both (a) perceptual enrichment, including richer, more well-integrated visual representations of ingroup relative to outgroup faces, and (b) expectancies that ingroup faces are normative, which influence subsequent visual processing. By allowing for “top-down” expectancy-based processes, this model accounts for both experience- and non-experience-based influences, such as motivation, context, and task instructions. Fundamentally, we suggest that we treat race as an important psychological dimension because it structures our social environment, which in turn structures mental representation.

scholarly journals The dynamic neural code of the retina for natural scenes

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niru Maheswaranathan ◽  
Lane T. McIntosh ◽  
Hidenori Tanaka ◽  
Satchel Grant ◽  
David B. Kastner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Predictive Coding ◽  
Neural Code ◽  
Natural Scenes ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Fundamental Limits ◽  
Fundamental Goal ◽  
Latent Effects ◽  
Highly Correlated

AbstractUnderstanding how the visual system encodes natural scenes is a fundamental goal of sensory neuroscience. We show here that a three-layer network model predicts the retinal response to natural scenes with an accuracy nearing the fundamental limits of predictability. The model’s internal structure is interpretable, in that model units are highly correlated with interneurons recorded separately and not used to fit the model. We further show the ethological relevance to natural visual processing of a diverse set of phenomena of complex motion encoding, adaptation and predictive coding. Our analysis uncovers a fast timescale of visual processing that is inaccessible directly from experimental data, showing unexpectedly that ganglion cells signal in distinct modes by rapidly (< 0.1 s) switching their selectivity for direction of motion, orientation, location and the sign of intensity. A new approach that decomposes ganglion cell responses into the contribution of interneurons reveals how the latent effects of parallel retinal circuits generate the response to any possible stimulus. These results reveal extremely flexible and rapid dynamics of the retinal code for natural visual stimuli, explaining the need for a large set of interneuron pathways to generate the dynamic neural code for natural scenes.

scholarly journals Prediction-error signals to violated expectations about person identity and head orientation are doubly-dissociated across the dorsal and ventral visual streams

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan E. Robinson ◽  
Will Woods ◽  
Sumie Leung ◽  
Jordy Kaufman ◽  
Michael Breakspear ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Error Detection ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Prediction Error ◽  
Predictive Coding ◽  
Angular Gyrus ◽  
Head Orientation ◽  
Visual Stream ◽  
Person Identity ◽  
Violated Expectations ◽  
Double Dissociations

AbstractPredictive coding theories of perception suggest the importance of constantly updated internal models of the world in predicting future sensory inputs. One implication of such models is that cortical regions whose function is to resolve particular stimulus attributes should also signal prediction violations with respect to those same stimulus attributes. Previously, through carefully designed experiments, we have demonstrated early-mid latency EEG/MEG prediction-error signals in the dorsal visual stream to violated expectations about stimulus orientation/trajectory, with localisations consistent with cortical areas processing motion and orientation. Here we extend those methods to simultaneously investigate the predictive processes in both dorsal and ventral visual streams. In this MEG study we employed a contextual trajectory paradigm that builds expectations using a series of image presentations. We created expectations about both face orientation and identity, either of which can subsequently be violated. Crucially this paradigm allows us to parametrically test double dissociations between these different types of violations. The study identified double dissociations across the type of violation in the dorsal and ventral visual streams, such that the right fusiform gyrus showed greater evidence of prediction-error signals to Identity violations than to Orientation violations, whereas the left angular gyrus and postcentral gyrus showed the opposite pattern of results. Our results suggest comparable processes for error checking and context updating in high-level expectations instantiated across both perceptual streams. Perceptual prediction-error signalling is initiated in regions associated with the processing of different stimulus properties.Significance StatementVisual processing occurs along ‘what’ and ‘where’ information streams that run, respectively along the ventral and dorsal surface of the posterior brain. Predictive coding models of perception imply prediction-error detection processes that are instantiated at the level where particular stimulus attributes are parsed. This implies that, for instance, when considering face stimuli, signals arising through violated expectations about the person identity of the stimulus should localise to the ventral stream, whereas signals arising through violated expectations about head orientation should localise to the dorsal stream. We test this in a magnetoencephalography source localisation study. The analysis confirmed that prediction-error signals to identity versus head-orientation occur with similar latency, but activate doubly-dissociated brain regions along ventral and dorsal processing streams.

scholarly journals Early Visual Processing Is Associated With Social Cognitive Performance in Recent-Onset Schizophrenia

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda McCleery ◽  
Jonathan K. Wynn ◽  
Junghee Lee ◽  
Eric A. Reavis ◽  
Joseph Ventura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Recent Onset ◽  
Early Visual Processing

scholarly journals Heterogeneous Response Dynamics in Retinal Ganglion Cells: The Interplay of Predictive Coding and Adaptation

2010 ◽  
Vol 103 (6) ◽  
pp. 3184-3194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheila Nirenberg ◽  
Illya Bomash ◽  
Jonathan W. Pillow ◽  
Jonathan D. Victor
Keyword(s):  
White Noise ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Predictive Coding ◽  
Sensory Systems ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Response Dynamics ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
Environmental Correlations

To make efficient use of their limited signaling capacity, sensory systems often use predictive coding. Predictive coding works by exploiting the statistical regularities of the environment—specifically, by filtering the sensory input to remove its predictable elements, thus enabling the neural signal to focus on what cannot be guessed. To do this, the neural filters must remove the environmental correlations. If predictive coding is to work well in multiple environments, sensory systems must adapt their filtering properties to fit each environment's statistics. Using the visual system as a model, we determine whether this happens. We compare retinal ganglion cell dynamics in two very different environments: white noise and natural. Because natural environments have more power than that of white noise at low temporal frequencies, predictive coding is expected to produce a suppression of low frequencies and an enhancement of high frequencies, compared with the behavior in a white-noise environment. We find that this holds, but only in part. First, predictive coding behavior is not uniform: most on cells manifest it, whereas off cells, on average, do not. Overlaid on this nonuniformity between cell classes is further nonuniformity within both cell classes. These findings indicate that functional considerations beyond predictive coding play an important role in shaping the dynamics of sensory adaptation. Moreover, the differences in behavior between on and off cell classes add to the growing evidence that these classes are not merely homogeneous mirror images of each other and suggest that their roles in visual processing are more complex than expected from the classic view.

Dispositional and Task-Specific Social-Cognitive Determinants of Physical Effort Perseverance

2005 ◽  
Vol 139 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gershon Tenenbaum ◽  
Ronnie Lidor ◽  
Noah Lavyan ◽  
Kieran Morrow ◽  
Shirley Tonnel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Physical Effort ◽  
Cognitive Determinants ◽  
And Task
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