Public Support for the Punishment of Police Use of Force Errors: Evidence of Ideological Divergence and Convergence

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 358-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shefali V. Patil
Keyword(s):  
False Negative ◽  
Public Support ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Third Party ◽  
False Positive Error ◽  
The Public ◽  
False Negative Error ◽  
Omission Bias ◽  
Ideological Divergence

It is widely believed that the public is ideologically divided with regard to law enforcement. Drawing on omission bias research, I challenge this assumption, arguing that such polarization is contingent on the type of use of force error officers commit. Three experimental studies demonstrate that, regardless of the suspect’s race, liberals are more likely than conservatives to punish a false-positive error (e.g., shooting an unarmed suspect), because they attribute responsibility to causes within the officer’s control. However, liberals and conservatives are equally unlikely to support punishing a false-negative error (failing to shoot an armed suspect), regardless of whether the suspect harms a fellow patrol officer or third-party civilian. Furthermore, bipartisan tolerance of false-negative errors is especially high among both liberals and conservatives if the withholding of force was intended to preserve the suspect’s life. Implications for theory and public policy are discussed.

Error Rates in Competency Testing When Test Retaking Is Permitted

1990 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huynh Huynh
Keyword(s):  
Conditional Probability ◽  
False Positive ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Rasch Models ◽  
Positive Error ◽  
False Positive Error ◽  
Competency Testing ◽  
Negative Error ◽  
False Negative Error

False positive and false negative error rates are studied for competency testing where examinees are permitted to retake the test if they fail to pass. Formulae are provided for the beta-binomial and Rasch models, and estimates based on these two models are compared for several typical situations. Although Rasch estimates are expected to be more accurate than beta-binomial estimates, differences among them are found not to be substantial in a number of practical situations. Under relatively general conditions and when test retaking is permitted, the probability of making a false negative error is zero. Under the same situation, and given that an examinee is a true nonmaster, the conditional probability of making a false positive error for this examinee is one.

Errors in prostate core biopsy diagnosis in an era of specialisation and double reporting

2020 ◽  
pp. jclinpath-2020-206726
Author(s):  
Cornelia Margaret Szecsei ◽  
Jon D Oxley
Keyword(s):  
Error Rate ◽  
False Positive ◽  
Core Biopsy ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Diagnostic Error ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
False Positive Error ◽  
Biopsy Diagnosis ◽  
False Negative Error ◽  
False Positive Error Rate

AimTo examine the effects of specialist reporting on error rates in prostate core biopsy diagnosis.MethodBiopsies were reported by eight specialist uropathologists over 3 years. New cancer diagnoses were double-reported and all biopsies were reviewed for the multidisciplinary team (MDT) meeting. Diagnostic alterations were recorded in supplementary reports and error rates were compared with a decade previously.Results2600 biopsies were reported. 64.1% contained adenocarcinoma, a 19.7% increase. The false-positive error rate had reduced from 0.4% to 0.06%. The false-negative error rate had increased from 1.5% to 1.8%, but represented fewer absolute errors due to increased cancer incidence.ConclusionsSpecialisation and double-reporting have reduced false-positive errors. MDT review of negative cores continues to identify a very low number of false-negative errors. Our data represents a ‘gold standard’ for prostate biopsy diagnostic error rates. Increased use of MRI-targeted biopsies may alter error rates and their future clinical significance.

scholarly journals The Mobilizing Power of Grievances: Applying Loss Aversion and Omission Bias to Social Movements

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly Bergstrand
Keyword(s):  
Social Movements ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Loss Aversion ◽  
Public Support ◽  
Willingness To Participate ◽  
The Public ◽  
Attribution Of Blame ◽  
Omission Bias ◽  
Gain Loss ◽  
Willingness To Engage

This study investigates how the nature of grievances can provide advantages or disadvantages to social movements. I use an experimental design to test the effects of loss aversion and omission bias on people's reactions toward grievances and the campaigns that seek to address them. The results indicate that grievances involving a loss are perceived as more immoral, unjust, and important than grievances involving a gain. Loss-based grievances also generate stronger emotions, increase willingness to engage in activism, and produce perceptions of greater public support. Similarly, grievances resulting from a commission (action), as compared to an omission (inaction), are seen as more immoral, unjust, and important. Commission-based grievances direct attribution of blame toward perpetrators, evoke higher levels of emotions, and increase willingness to participate in campaigns. These findings provide support for the idea that not all grievances are created equal in their ability to appeal to and potentially mobilize the public.

scholarly journals Excluding false negative error in certification of quantum channels

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Krawiec ◽  
Łukasz Pawela ◽  
Zbigniew Puchała
Keyword(s):  
Finite Number ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Input State ◽  
Quantum Channels ◽  
False Positive Error ◽  
Quantum Hypothesis ◽  
Negative Error ◽  
Final Measurement ◽  
False Negative Error ◽  
Quantum Hypothesis Testing

AbstractCertification of quantum channels is based on quantum hypothesis testing and involves also preparation of an input state and choosing the final measurement. This work primarily focuses on the scenario when the false negative error cannot occur, even if it leads to the growth of the probability of false positive error. We establish a condition when it is possible to exclude false negative error after a finite number of queries to the quantum channel in parallel, and we provide an upper bound on the number of queries. On top of that, we found a class of channels which allow for excluding false negative error after a finite number of queries in parallel, but cannot be distinguished unambiguously. Moreover, it will be proved that parallel certification scheme is always sufficient, however the number of steps may be decreased by the use of adaptive scheme. Finally, we consider examples of certification of various classes of quantum channels and measurements.

scholarly journals Feasibility of FT-NIR spectroscopy and Vis/NIR hyperspectral imaging for sorting unsound chestnuts

Italus Hortus ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 3-18
Author(s):  
Giacomo Bedini ◽  
Giorgia Bastianelli ◽  
Swathi Sirisha Nallan Chakravartula ◽  
Carmen Morales-Rodríguez ◽  
Luca Rossini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hyperspectral Imaging ◽  
Error Rate ◽  
False Positive ◽  
Total Error ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Positive Error ◽  
False Positive Error ◽  
Negative Error ◽  
False Negative Error

Authors explored the potential use of Vis/NIR hyperspectral imaging (HSI) and Fourier-transform Near-Infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy to be used as in-line tools for the detection of unsound chestnut fruits (i.e. infected and/or infested) in comparison with the traditional sorting technique. For the intended purpose, a total of 720 raw fruits were collected from a local company. Chestnut fruits were preliminarily classified into sound (360 fruits) and unsound (360 fruits) batches using a proprietary floating system at the facility along with manual selection performed by expert workers. The two batches were stored at 4 ± 1 °C until use. Samples were left at ambient temperature for at least 12 h before measurements. Subsequently, fruits were subjected to non-destructive measurements (i.e. spectral analysis) immediately followed by destructive analyses (i.e. microbiological and entomological assays). Classification models were trained using the Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) by pairing the spectrum of each fruit with the categorical information obtained from its destructive assay (i.e., sound, Y = 0; unsound, Y = 1). Categorical data were also used to evaluate the classification performance of the traditional sorting method. The performance of each PLS-DA model was evaluated in terms of false positive error (FP), false negative error (FN) and total error (TE) rates. The best result (8% FP, 14% FN, 11% TE) was obtained using Savitzky-Golay first derivative with a 5-points window of smoothing on the dataset of raw reflectance spectra scanned from the hilum side of fruit using the Vis/NIR HSI setup. This model showed similarity in terms of False Negative error rate with the best one computed using data from the FT-NIR setup (i.e. 15% FN), which, however, had the lowest global performance (17% TE) due to the highest False Positive error rate (19%). Finally, considering that the total error rate committed by the traditional sorting system was about 14.5% with a tendency of misclassifying unsound fruits, the results indicate the feasibility of a rapid, in-line detection system based on spectroscopic measurements.

scholarly journals Response Error and the Medicaid Undercount in the Current Population Survey

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Noon ◽  
Leticia Fernandez ◽  
Sonya Rastogi
Keyword(s):  
False Positive ◽  
Current Population Survey ◽  
Population Survey ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Positive Error ◽  
False Positive Error ◽  
Response Error ◽  
Medicaid Enrollment ◽  
False Negative Error ◽  
Uninsured Population

The Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement (CPS ASEC) is an important source for estimates of the uninsured population. Previous research has shown that survey estimates produce an undercount of beneficiaries compared to Medicaid enrollment records. We extend past work by examining the Medicaid undercount in the 2007-2011 CPS ASEC compared to enrollment data from the Medicaid Statistical Information System for calendar years 2006-2010. By linking individuals across datasets, we analyze two types of response error regarding Medicaid enrollment – false negative error and false positive error. We use regression analysis to identify factors associated with these two types of response error in the 2011 CPS ASEC. We find that the Medicaid undercount was between 22 and 31 percent from 2007 to 2011. In 2011, the false negative rate was 40 percent, and 27 percent of Medicaid reports in CPS ASEC were false positives. False negative error is associated with the duration of enrollment in Medicaid, enrollment in Medicare and private insurance, and Medicaid enrollment in the survey year. False positive error is associated with enrollment in Medicare and shared Medicaid coverage in the household. We discuss implications for survey reports of health insurance coverage and for estimating the uninsured population.

Identity Fusion and the Use of Force: A Group-Psychological Explanation for Support of Military Interventions

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 381-395
Author(s):  
Marissa Theys ◽  
James S. Krueger ◽  
Francisco I. Pedraza
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Public Attitudes ◽  
Public Support ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
Psychological Explanation ◽  
Military Force ◽  
Military Interventions ◽  
Data Set ◽  
The Public ◽  
Identity Fusion

Under what circumstances will the public support military intervention in other countries? Recent answers have focused on the importance of identity and attachment to one’s nation to explain variation in public support. We posit that some segments of the public are more willing than others to support military action even when there is perceived risk due to a psychological attachment to veterans. We distinguish kinship, geographic, and psychological forms of propinquity and argue that the psychological attachment of an individual to a group drives disparate attitudes about military force when their group is threatened. Using a unique national data set, we examine public attitudes across a range of hypothetical and actual military interventions and find that psychological attachment, measured using identity fusion, helps to explain the pattern of support across interventions. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of our findings on the use of force literature.

Congress, public opinion, and an informal constraint on the commander-in-chief

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas L Kriner
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Public Support ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
War Powers ◽  
Prior Authorisation ◽  
The Public ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
The Military ◽  
Commander In Chief

US presidents have routinely ordered the use of force without seeking prior authorisation from Congress. However, this practice does not mean that the legislature is irrelevant, as Congress often influences decisions by exercising informal political levers. One of the most important is through Congress’ ability to affect popular support for the commander-in-chief. Through a pair of experiments embedded on nationally representative opinion surveys, this article evaluates whether Congress’ constitutional prerogatives in war powers remain relevant when battling the president in the public sphere. Policy criticism significantly decreased support for the use of force, as did challenges to administration actions on constitutional grounds. Although Congress routinely fails to use the constitutional tools at its disposal to check the commander-in-chief, these powers bolster Congress’ capacity to influence public opinion. Hence, while presidents enjoy considerable leeway in the military arena, Congress’ capacity to erode public support can serve as a check on presidential power.

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