Re-examining the Use of Force Continuum: Why Resistance is Not the Only Driver of Use of Force Decisions

2022 ◽  
pp. 109861112110663
Author(s):  
Kyle McLean ◽  
Arif Alikhan ◽  
Geoffrey P. Alpert
Keyword(s):  
Continuum Model ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
Police Culture ◽  
Perceived Threat ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Continuum

Policing research and use of force policies have been guided by the continuum model for the past several decades. The continuum specifies a relationship between the amount of resistance a suspect presents and the amount of force that an officer should use to respond to or overcome a given level of resistance. In this paper, we show that resistance alone is an insufficient indicator of the necessity and level of force to be used both conceptually and empirically. We argue for the inclusion of considerations of perceived threat in the analysis of use of force incidents—both in policy and in research. Our analysis also reiterates the importance of police culture in understanding use of force decisions.

scholarly journals Jaspers was right after all – delusions are distinct from normal beliefs

2003 ◽  
Vol 183 (4) ◽  
pp. 285-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh Jones ◽  
Philippe Delespaul ◽  
Jim van Os
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy ◽  
Continuum Model ◽  
Behavioural Therapy ◽  
Therapeutic Change ◽  
General Psychopathology ◽  
The Past ◽  
Distinct Mechanism ◽  
Cognitive Behavioural ◽  
Psychological Medicine ◽  
The Continuum

Jaspers' textbook General Psychopathology has in the past been described as the ‘most important single book on the aims and logic of psychological medicine’ (Shepherd, 1990). In recent years it seems to have rather fallen off the psychiatric syllabus. Its diminished importance is exemplified by changing opinions about delusions. Nowadays, delusions are considered by many to lie on a continuum with normal beliefs, and this model underpins modern cognitive therapy for psychosis (Kingdon & Turkington, 1994). Jaspers, in contrast, considered that delusions were distinct from normal beliefs. This required him to formulate a distinct mechanism of delusions that resembles, to large extent, the concepts of ‘modularity’ proposed by Fodor (Fodor, 1983) (who has not yet entered the psychiatric syllabus!). The continuum model suggests that delusions ought to be treatable. However, trials of cognitive-behavioural therapy for psychosis suggest significant benefit in only about half of patients treated (see Turkington & McKenna, 2003). What prevents therapeutic change along the dimensions of belief in non-responsive patients? One possibility is that Jaspers was right after all. In this month's debate the modular view of delusions is taken by Dr Hugh Jones and the case for a continuum model is argued by Professors Philippe Delespaul and Jim van Os.

Observations of the continuum near the galactic centre

1967 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 405
Author(s):  
F. J. Kerr
Keyword(s):  
Galactic Centre ◽  
The Past ◽  
Centre Region ◽  
The Continuum

A continuum survey of the galactic-centre region has been carried out at Parkes at 20 cm wavelength over the areal11= 355° to 5°,b11= -3° to +3° (Kerr and Sinclair 1966, 1967). This is a larger region than has been covered in such surveys in the past. The observations were done as declination scans.

scholarly journals Hierarchical modeling of mechano-chemical dynamics of epithelial sheets across cells and tissue

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshifumi Asakura ◽  
Yohei Kondo ◽  
Kazuhiro Aoki ◽  
Honda Naoki
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Cell Migration ◽  
Continuum Model ◽  
Tissue Level ◽  
Chemical Signals ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Mathematical Framework ◽  
Collective Cell Migration ◽  
The Continuum ◽  
Cell Cell

AbstractCollective cell migration is a fundamental process in embryonic development and tissue homeostasis. This is a macroscopic population-level phenomenon that emerges across hierarchy from microscopic cell-cell interactions; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we addressed this issue by focusing on epithelial collective cell migration, driven by the mechanical force regulated by chemical signals of traveling ERK activation waves, observed in wound healing. We propose a hierarchical mathematical framework for understanding how cells are orchestrated through mechanochemical cell-cell interaction. In this framework, we mathematically transformed a particle-based model at the cellular level into a continuum model at the tissue level. The continuum model described relationships between cell migration and mechanochemical variables, namely, ERK activity gradients, cell density, and velocity field, which could be compared with live-cell imaging data. Through numerical simulations, the continuum model recapitulated the ERK wave-induced collective cell migration in wound healing. We also numerically confirmed a consistency between these two models. Thus, our hierarchical approach offers a new theoretical platform to reveal a causality between macroscopic tissue-level and microscopic cellular-level phenomena. Furthermore, our model is also capable of deriving a theoretical insight on both of mechanical and chemical signals, in the causality of tissue and cellular dynamics.

scholarly journals Formulation of 2D Graphene Deformation Based on Chiral-Tube Base Vectors

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Bohua Sun
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Dynamics ◽  
Shell Model ◽  
Continuum Model ◽  
Real Space ◽  
Honeycomb Lattice ◽  
Mechanical Behaviors ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Physical Components ◽  
Intrinsic Feature ◽  
The Continuum

The intrinsic feature of graphene honeycomb lattice is defined by its chiral index (n,m), which can be taken into account when using molecular dynamics. However, how to introduce the index into the continuum model of graphene is still an open problem. The present manuscript adopts the continuum shell model with single director to describe the mechanical behaviors of graphene. In order to consider the intrinsic features of the graphene honeycomb lattice—chiral index (n,m), the chiral-tube vectors of graphene in real space have been used for construction of reference unit base vectors of the shell model; therefore, the formulations will contain the chiral index automatically, or in an explicit form in physical components. The results are quite useful for future studies of graphene mechanics.

Metallic solutions of the continuum model for conducting polymers

1994 ◽  
Vol 506 (2) ◽  
pp. 92-106
Author(s):  
H. W. Streitwolf ◽  
H. Puff
Keyword(s):  
Conducting Polymers ◽  
Continuum Model ◽  
The Continuum

On the Motion of Granular Materials Due to Shear

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehrdad Massoudi ◽  
Tran X. Phuoc
Keyword(s):  
Finite Difference ◽  
Granular Materials ◽  
Continuum Model ◽  
Theory Model ◽  
Governing Equations ◽  
Flat Plates ◽  
Material Parameters ◽  
Finite Difference Technique ◽  
Linear Differential ◽  
The Continuum

Abstract In this paper we study the flow of granular materials between two horisontal flat plates where the top plate is moving with a constant speed. The constitutive relation used for the stress is based on the continuum model proposed by Rajagopal and Massoudi (1990), where the material parameters are derived using the kinetic theory model proposed by Boyle and Massoudi (1990). The governing equations are non-dimensionalized and the resulting system of non-linear differential equations is solved numerically using finite difference technique.

Thermo-structural analysis of a honeycomb-type volumetric absorber for concentrated solar power applications

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Masoud Behzad ◽  
Benjamin Herrmann ◽  
Williams R. Calderón-Muñoz ◽  
José M. Cardemil ◽  
Rodrigo Barraza
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Thermal Stress ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Discrete Model ◽  
Continuum Model ◽  
Transient State ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Steady State Condition ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Continuum

Purpose Volumetric air receivers experience high thermal stress as a consequence of the intense radiation flux they are exposed to when used for heat and/or power generation. This study aims to propose a proper design that is required for the absorber and its holder to ensure efficient heat transfer between the fluid and solid phases and to avoid system failure due to thermal stress. Design/methodology/approach The design and modeling processes are applied to both the absorber and its holder. A multi-channel explicit geometry design and a discrete model is applied to the absorber to investigate the conjugate heat transfer and thermo-mechanical stress levels present in the steady-state condition. The discrete model is used to calibrate the initial state of the continuum model that is then used to investigate the transient operating states representing cloud-passing events. Findings The steady-state results constitute promising findings for operating the system at the desired airflow temperature of 700°C. In addition, we identified regions with high temperatures and high-stress values. Furthermore, the transient state model is capable of capturing the heat transfer and fluid dynamics phenomena, allowing the boundaries to be checked under normal operating conditions. Originality/value Thermal stress analysis of the absorber and the steady/transient-state thermal analysis of the absorber/holder were conducted. Steady-state heat transfer in the explicit model was used to calibrate the initial steady-state of the continuum model.

A Continuum Model of Elephant Trunks

1991 ◽  
Vol 113 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Wilson ◽  
U. Mahajan ◽  
S. A. Wainwright ◽  
L. J. Croner
Keyword(s):  
Linear Theory ◽  
Continuum Model ◽  
Necessary Conditions ◽  
Living Animal ◽  
Elephant Trunk ◽  
Maximum Compression ◽  
Strain Behavior ◽  
Compression Strain ◽  
Experimental Values ◽  
The Continuum

A continuum model is presented that relates the trunk parameters of loading, geometry, and muscle structure to the necessary conditions of static equilibrium. Linear theory for stress-strain behavior is used to describe an elephant trunk for an incremental displacement as the animal slowly lifts a weight at the trunk tip. With this analysis and experimental values for the trunk parameters, the apparent trunk stiffness Ea is estimated for the living animal. For an Asian elephant with a maximum compression strain of 33 percent, Ea is of the order of 106 N/m2. The continuum model is quite general and may be applied to similar nonskeletal appendages and bodies of other animals.

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