Women’s perceived contributions to diversity: The impact of target race and contextual gender salience

Diversity is a desired attribute for many organizations. Yet, there is limited scientific understanding of what leads people to perceive diversity, and past studies focus on racial diversity to the exclusion of other social identities. We investigated how an individual’s race and gender conjointly impact their perceived contributions to organizational diversity and whether context-driven gender salience affects these judgments. Study 1 established that, in the absence of an organizational context, women of color are considered to contribute more to diversity than men of color, White women, and White men. In Studies 2A–2C, we manipulated an organization’s demographic composition and found that female representation affected White women’s perceived contributions to diversity more than Black women’s perceived contributions to diversity. Similarly, in Study 3, we found that an organization’s history of gender discrimination increased White women’s, but not Black women’s, perceived contributions to diversity. This research has implications for diversity-related hiring decisions.

Progress Toward Increasing Women’s and Minorities’ Access to Top State Government Jobs?

Public Personnel Management ◽

10.1177/00910260211056569 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 009102602110565

Author(s):

Greg Lewis ◽

Jonathan Boyd ◽

Rahul Pathak

Keyword(s):

Private Sector ◽

State Government ◽

White Women ◽

White Men ◽

Good News ◽

State Governments ◽

Race And Gender ◽

Veteran Status ◽

And Gender ◽

This study examines the impact of qualifications and hiring advantages on women’s and minorities’ access to state government jobs, both in managerial and high-salary positions and overall. It also looks at how race and gender differences in representation have changed since 1990 and how they compare with the private sector. All groups, except Latino and Asian men, are more likely than White men to work for state governments, and all groups are more likely to do so than comparable White men. White men remain more likely to be managers and to earn top-decile salaries than comparable White women and people of color. Differences in education, experience, veteran status, and citizenship contribute, in different ways, to each group’s underrepresentation at top levels, but sizable unexplained gaps remain. The good news is that access to top jobs is better in state governments than in the private sector and has improved since 1990.

Invisible Visits

10.1093/oso/9780190840204.001.0001 ◽

2019 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Tina K. Sacks

Keyword(s):

Black Women ◽

Middle Class ◽

Gender Discrimination ◽

The United States ◽

Negative Stereotypes ◽

Race And Gender ◽

Healthcare Settings ◽

Exam Room ◽

History Of ◽

Although the United States spends almost one-fifth of all its resources on funding healthcare, the American system is dogged by persistent inequities in the treatment of racial and ethnic minorities and women. Invisible Visits analyzes how Black women navigate the complexities of dealing with doctors in this environment. It challenges the idea that race and gender discrimination, particularly in healthcare settings, is a thing of the past. In telling the stories of Black women who are middle class, Invisible Visits also questions the persistent myth that discrimination only affects racial minorities who are poor. In so doing, Invisible Visits expands our understanding of how Black middle-class women are treated when they go to the doctor and why they continue to face inequities in securing proper medical care. The book also analyzes the strategies Black women use to fight for the best treatment and the toll that these adaptations take on their health. Invisible Visits shines a light on how women perceive the persistently negative stereotypes that follow them into the exam room and makes the bold claim that simply providing more cultural competency or anti-bias training to doctors is insufficient to overcome the problem. For Americans to really address these challenges, we must first reckon with how deeply embedded discrimination is in our prized institutions, including healthcare. Invisible Visits tells the story of Black women in their own words and forces us to consider their experiences in the context of America’s fraught history of structural discrimination.

HOW PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE IMPEDES INTERSECTIONAL THINKING

Du Bois Review Social Science Research on Race ◽

10.1017/s1742058x13000313 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 365-384 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Phillip Atiba Goff ◽

Kimberly Barsamian Kahn

Keyword(s):

Racial Discrimination ◽

Gender Discrimination ◽

White Women ◽

Social Psychological ◽

Race And Gender ◽

Individual Level ◽

Lay Conceptions ◽

Psychological Science ◽

And Gender ◽

Current Psychological

AbstractPsychological science that examines racial and gender bias, primarily located within social psychology, has tended to discount the ways in which race and gender mutually construct each other. Lay conceptions of racial and gender discrimination tend to see racism as primarily afflicting men and sexism primarily afflicting White women, when in fact race and gender are interrelated and work together intersectionally. Ignoring women's experiences of racial discrimination produces androcentric conceptions of racisms—in other words, many definitions of racial discrimination are to some degree sexist (Goff et al., 2008). Similarly, privileging the experiences of White women produces narrow definitions of gender discrimination—in other words, many definitions of gender discrimination are to some degree racist, such that they serve to reinforce the current societal hierarchies. Psychological science sometimes appears to reflect such conceptions. The result is that the social science principally responsible for explaining individual-level biases has developed a body of research that can undervalue the experiences of non-White women (Goff et al., 2008). This article examines features of social psychological science and its research processes to answer a question suggested by this framing: is the current psychological understanding of racism, to some extent, sexist and the understanding of sexism, to some extent, racist? We argue here that the instruments that much of social psychological science uses to measure racial and gender discrimination may play a role in producing inaccurate understandings of racial and gender discrimination. We also present original experimental data to suggest that lay conceptions parallel social psychology's biases: with lay persons also assuming that racism is about Black men and sexism is about White women.2 Finally, we provide some suggestions to increase the inclusivity of psychology's study of discrimination as well as reasons for optimism in this area.

Race, Gender, and National Identity in the American and British Telephone Industries

International Review of Social History ◽

10.1017/s0020859001000141 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 46 (2) ◽

pp. 185-205 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Venus Green

Keyword(s):

National Identity ◽

Black Women ◽

White Women ◽

The United States ◽

Race And Gender ◽

Gender Constructions ◽

Telephone Operators ◽

Telephone Industry ◽

And Gender ◽

This article compares the racially heterogeneous, privately-owned American telephone industry, and the relatively homogeneous, publicly-owned British system, to examine how race and gender constructions implicit in the national identities of the two countries influence employment opportunities. For all the differences in the histories of the two telephone industries and variations in the construction of racial, national, and gender identities, blacks in the United States and Britain had remarkably similar experiences in obtaining employment as telephone operators. This leads to the conclusion that the power of national identity in the workplace is strongly based on “whiteness”. Despite their limited access to national identity, white women experienced advantages that were denied to black women, which illustrates how race modified the impact of gender on the privileges of national identity.

The Impact of Changes in Local Labor Market Conditions on Estimates of Occupational Segregation

The Review of Black Political Economy ◽

10.1007/bf02689953 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 45-58

Author(s):

Susanne Schmitz ◽

Paul E. Gabriel

Keyword(s):

Labor Market ◽

White Women ◽

Occupational Segregation ◽

The United States ◽

Local Labor Market ◽

Market Conditions ◽

Labor Market Conditions ◽

Race And Gender ◽

And Gender ◽

Recent work by labor economists has suggested that differential labor market treatment of minorities (e.g., occupational segregation) may vary across local labor markets. This study assesses whether changing economic conditions in a local labor market affects the degree of occupational segregation by race and gender in the United States. Our empirical analysis finds evidence that the relative occupational structures of white women and black males are systematically related to changes in certain local labor market conditions.

Introduction

Discriminating Sex ◽

10.5622/illinois/9780252041785.003.0001 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Amy Sueyoshi

Keyword(s):

San Francisco ◽

Asian American ◽

White Women ◽

White Supremacy ◽

Turn Of The Century ◽

Gender And Sexuality ◽

Public Officials ◽

Race And Gender ◽

History Of ◽

The introduction presents the book’s main argument that San Francisco writers, illustrators, public officials, and community leaders at the turn of the century avidly discussing new freedoms in middle-class gender and sexuality framed white women as provocateurs while fueling racialized characterizations of Chinese and Japanese. A mountain of sex acts that often traversed boundaries of race and gender thus testified to more than just the power of individual will in a magnanimous city. They cohered to tell a provocative tale of misogyny and white supremacy. This chapter additionally contextualizes the book within San Francisco history; traces its intervention in the history of leisure, sexuality studies, whiteness studies, and Asian American studies; discusses its methods; and offers a chapter outline.

Creatures of Cain

10.23943/princeton/9780691181882.001.0001 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Erika Lorraine Milam

Keyword(s):

World War Ii ◽

Human Nature ◽

Race And Gender ◽

Late Night ◽

Hollywood Films ◽

Political Debates ◽

American Science ◽

Human Exceptionalism ◽

History Of ◽

After World War II, the question of how to define a universal human nature took on new urgency. This book charts the rise and precipitous fall in Cold War America of a theory that attributed man's evolutionary success to his unique capacity for murder. The book reveals how the scientists who advanced this “killer ape” theory capitalized on an expanding postwar market in intellectual paperbacks and widespread faith in the power of science to solve humanity's problems, even to answer the most fundamental questions of human identity. The killer ape theory spread quickly from colloquial science publications to late-night television, classrooms, political debates, and Hollywood films. Behind the scenes, however, scientists were sharply divided, their disagreements centering squarely on questions of race and gender. Then, in the 1970s, the theory unraveled altogether when primatologists discovered that chimpanzees also kill members of their own species. While the discovery brought an end to definitions of human exceptionalism delineated by violence, the book shows how some evolutionists began to argue for a shared chimpanzee–human history of aggression even as other scientists discredited such theories as sloppy popularizations. A wide-ranging account of a compelling episode in American science, the book argues that the legacy of the killer ape persists today in the conviction that science can resolve the essential dilemmas of human nature.

Mind Cure

10.1093/oso/9780190864248.001.0001 ◽

2019 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Wakoh Shannon Hickey

Keyword(s):

White Male ◽

Late Nineteenth Century ◽

Scientific Psychology ◽

Race And Gender ◽

History Of ◽

And Performance ◽

And Gender ◽

First Americans ◽

The Mind ◽

Political Economic

Mindfulness is widely claimed to improve health and performance, and historians typically say that efforts to promote meditation and yoga therapeutically began in the 1970s. In fact, they began much earlier, and that early history offers important lessons for the present and future. This book traces the history of mind-body medicine from eighteenth-century Mesmerism to the current Mindfulness boom and reveals how religion, race, and gender have shaped events. Many of the first Americans to advocate meditation for healing were women leaders of the Mind Cure movement, which emerged in the late nineteenth century. They believed that by transforming their consciousness, they could also transform oppressive circumstances in which they lived, and some were activists for social reform. Trained by Buddhist and Hindu missionaries, these women promoted meditation through personal networks, religious communities, and publications. Some influenced important African American religious movements, as well. For women and black men, Mind Cure meant not just happiness but liberation in concrete political, economic, and legal terms. The Mind Cure movement exerted enormous pressure on mainstream American religion and medicine, and in response, white, male doctors and clergy with elite academic credentials appropriated some of its methods and channeled them into scientific psychology and medicine. As mental therapeutics became medicalized, individualized, and then commodified, the religious roots of meditation, like the social justice agendas of early Mind Curers, fell away. After tracing how we got from Mind Cure to Mindfulness, this book reveals what got lost in the process.

Race, Gender, and Perceived Employment Discrimination

Journal of Black Studies ◽

10.1177/00219347211006486 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 52 (5) ◽

pp. 509-527

Author(s):

Philip Q. Yang

Keyword(s):

Black Women ◽

White Women ◽

Social Inequalities ◽

Employment Discrimination ◽

General Social Survey ◽

Self Report ◽

Independent Effect ◽

Race And Gender ◽

Job Discrimination ◽

This study investigates the effects of race and gender on perceived employment discrimination using the 2016 General Social Survey that provides new data on perceived employment discrimination that aligns more closely with the legal definition of employment discrimination. It is found that 19% of the American adults self-reported the experience of employment discrimination in job application, pay increase, or promotion in the past 5 years. The results of logistic regression analysis show that either controlling or not controlling for other factors, Blacks were much more likely to perceive being discriminated in employment than Whites, but other races were not significantly different from Whites in perceived employment discrimination after holding other variables constant. While gender did not have a significant independent effect on perceived job discrimination, it did interact with race to influence perceived job discrimination. Regardless of race, women were somewhat less likely than men to perceive job discrimination, but Black women were significantly even less likely than White women to self-report job discrimination, and Black men were much more likely to self-report employment discrimination than White men. These findings have implications for combating employment discrimination and addressing social inequalities.

Casa de la Asegurada: A Collective Housing Facility for Women Development in Mexico

Buildings ◽

10.3390/buildings11060236 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 236

Author(s):

Lucía Martín López ◽

Rodrigo Durán López

Keyword(s):

Social Security ◽

Public Space ◽

Women's Movements ◽

Mexican Families ◽

History Of ◽

New Ideas ◽

And Gender ◽

Collective Housing ◽

Mexican Architecture ◽

While several women’s movements that aimed to modify their relationship with public space were taking place across the world, in 1956, the Mexican Social Security Institute founded the program Casa de la Asegurada, the subject of this study, as a tool for improving the social security of Mexican families through the input of cultural, social, artistic, and hygienic knowledge for women. The program’s facilities, Casas de la Asegurada, are located in the large Mexican housing complexes, articulating themselves to the existing city. Despite the impact on the lives of Mexican families, these have been ignored throughout the history of Mexican architecture. The main objective of this paper is to show the state of the art of Casa de la Asegurada and its facilities located in Mexico City. To achieve this, the greatest number available of primary sources on the topic was compiled through archive and document research. Sources were classified identifying information gaps to explain, in three different scales (program, facilities, and a case study), how they work through their objectives, performed activities, and evolved through time, so that the gathered information is analyzed with an urbanistic, architectural, and gender approach to contribute new ideas in the building of facilities that allow women empowerment.