Tor, what is it good for? Political repression and the use of online anonymity-granting technologies

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 435-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Jardine
Keyword(s):  
The Internet ◽  
Political Rights ◽  
Political Repression ◽  
Online Anonymity ◽  
Network Usage ◽  
Civil And Political Rights ◽  
Tor Network ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Cross National

Why do people use anonymity-granting technologies when surfing the Internet? Anecdotal evidence suggests that people often resort to using online anonymity services, like the Tor network, because they are concerned about the possibility of their government infringing their civil and political rights, especially in highly repressive regimes. This claim has yet to be subject to rigorous cross-national, over time testing. In this article, econometric analysis of newly compiled data on Tor network usage from 2011 to 2013 shows that the relationship between political repression and the use of the Tor network is U-shaped. Political repression drives usage of Tor the most in both highly repressive and highly liberal contexts. The shape of this relationship plausibly emerges as a function of people’s opportunity to use Tor and their need to use anonymity-granting technologies to express their basic political rights in highly repressive regimes.

25. Results and Prospects

2020 ◽  
pp. 681-694
Author(s):  
Bernadette Rainey ◽  
Pamela McCormick ◽  
Clare Ovey
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Formal System ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Political Rights ◽  
European Standard ◽  
Rights Protection ◽  
Civil And Political Rights ◽  
Climate Crisis ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter sums up the key findings of this study on the Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). It suggests that the principal achievement of the Convention has been the establishment of a formal system of legal protection available to individuals covering a range of civil and political rights which has become the European standard. The chapter highlights the measures taken by the Court to decrease its caseload and increase its efficiency in dealing with applications. It also highlights the contemporary challenges facing the Court, including the relationship between States and the Court, the challenge of the rise of authoritarian governments, and the threats to rights protection from the climate crisis.

Rehabilitation and the Right to Health in Times of Transition

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-193
Author(s):  
Judith Bueno de Mesquita ◽  
Gen Sander ◽  
Paul Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Transitional Justice ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Right To Health ◽  
Current Approach ◽  
Political Rights ◽  
Suitable Form ◽  
Civil And Political Rights ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Primary Form

The harm to health of victims of civil and political rights abuses has been a focus of some reparations programmes. Rehabilitation has been the primary form of reparation for harm to health. Is this current approach an appropriate response by reparations programmes to violations of the right to health during conflict or repression? Given the nature of right to health violations in conflict or repression, we suggest that reparations programmes should broaden their focus to also address not only the health consequences of civil and political rights violations, but also the destruction or neglect of the health system, and policies which harm health. We consider whether rehabilitation is the only suitable form of reparation for such abuses. We also consider the relationship between the fields of transitional justice and public health in periods of transition, including whether some conflict-related right to health violations should be addressed in the health sector rather than reparations programmes and, if so, how this can be done successfully.

scholarly journals The 1951 Refugee Convention’s Contingent Rights Framework and Article 26 of the ICCPR: A Fundamental Incompatibility?

Refuge ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-13
Author(s):  
Marina Sharpe
Keyword(s):  
Reference Group ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Political Rights ◽  
Reference Groups ◽  
Host State ◽  
The Status ◽  
Civil And Political Rights ◽  
The Relationship

This article addresses the relationship between two primary structural features of the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees—that many benefits under it accrue on the basis of a refugee’s degree of attachment to his or her host state and that many rights under the convention are guaranteed to a refugee only to the extent that they are enjoyed by a particular reference group—and the 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights’ article 26 equality guarantee. Specifically, it examines whether attachment contingencies and reference groups, when incorporated in the refugee laws of states party to the ICCPR, might run afoul of article 26.

The History of the Covenants

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maya Hertig Randall
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Political Rights ◽  
Cultural Rights ◽  
History Of ◽  
Civil And Political Rights ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Acid Test ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Domestic Level

Translating the UDHR into a binding treaty ‘with teeth’ was an acid test for the international community. This chapter places the genesis of the ICESCR and the ICCPR in its political context. It highlights the interlocking challenges of the Cold War and of decolonization and also underscores disagreement among allied nations as well as attempts to ‘export’ the domestic conception of human rights. Three issues central to completing the International Bill of Human Rights are analysed: (1) identification of the rights to be included; (2) States’ obligations to give effect to human rights on the domestic level; and (3) international supervision mechanisms. These issues are closely related to the decision to divide human rights into two Covenants. In tracing the major controversies and decisions reached, light is also cast on the relationship and characteristics of civil and political rights and economic, social, and cultural rights, as understood at the time.

Respect for Human Rights has Improved Over Time: Modeling the Changing Standard of Accountability

2014 ◽  
Vol 108 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHRISTOPHER J. FARISS
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Measurement Model ◽  
Systematic Change ◽  
Political Repression ◽  
Amnesty International ◽  
Time Modeling ◽  
Convention Against Torture ◽  
Human Rights Norms ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

According to indicators of political repression currently used by scholars, human rights practices have not improved over the past 35 years, despite the spread of human rights norms, better monitoring, and the increasing prevalence of electoral democracy. I argue that this empirical pattern is not an indication of stagnating human rights practices. Instead, it reflects a systematic change in the way monitors, like Amnesty International and the U.S. State Department, encounter and interpret information about abuses. The standard of accountability used to assess state behaviors becomes more stringent as monitors look harder for abuse, look in more places for abuse, and classify more acts as abuse. In this article, I present a new, theoretically informed measurement model, which generates unbiased estimates of repression using existing data. I then show that respect for human rights has improved over time and that the relationship between human rights respect and ratification of the UN Convention Against Torture is positive, which contradicts findings from existing research.

Part 1 Freedom of Religion or Belief, 1.2 Freedom from Coercion

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bielefeldt Heiner, Prof ◽  
Ghanea Nazila, Dr ◽  
Wiener Michael, Dr
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Freedom Of Religion ◽  
Political Rights ◽  
Separate Spheres ◽  
The Status ◽  
Civil And Political Rights ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter addresses the relationship between article 18(2) and article 18(3) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). Article 18(2) states that no person shall be subject to coercion which would impair his or her freedom to have or to adopt a religion or belief of their choice. This provision for the forum internum does not allow for any compromise or limitation. By contrast, article 18(3) deals with possible limitations concerning manifestations of religion or belief in social life. However, the distinction in legal protection, as it is drawn between these two dimensions of freedom of religion or belief, should not be misconstrued as an abstract hierarchy or a fragmentation of two separate spheres. The unconditional prohibition of coercion in the forum internum enhances the status of freedom of religion or belief in all its dimensions.

scholarly journals Modelización de la trayectoria del efecto de programas y políticas: implicaciones para la evaluación

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Matas-Terron
Keyword(s):  
Program Evaluation ◽  
Impact Evaluation ◽  
Visual Analysis ◽  
Google Trends ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Program Impact ◽  
Program Evaluations ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

In program evaluation, results could change dramatically depending on the when, it is mainly in impact evaluation. Although it is pretty relevant, only hypothetical proposals have been found in the consulted literature about how interventions effects evolve over time. This paper analyzes the plausibility of those hypothetical proposals. In this sense, it is analyzed the number of consulting on the Internet through Google Trends. In order to develop the method, several assumptions have been made regarding interventions categories and about the relationship between the number of consulting and program impact too. From visual analysis is concluded that the effect on the number of consulting fits to a sigmoidal, leptokurtic, and positive biased function. Eventually, relevance for program evaluations and methodological implications are discussed.

scholarly journals A POLÍTICA DE DIREITOS HUMANOS GLOBAIS NA ÍNDIA

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 385
Author(s):  
Ajay Gudavarthy ◽  
Gustavo Paulo Leite de Souza
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
War On Terror ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Rights ◽  
Law And Order ◽  
State Terror ◽  
Global Discourse ◽  
Civil And Political Rights ◽  
The Relationship

Os direitos humanos globais transmitiram significados diferentes no tempo, através das várias formas de mobilização por grupos sociais. A resposta do Estado indiano aos protestos militantes tem atraído especial atenção a partir do discurso global de “guerra ao terror”, que, por sua vez, tem justificado o “terror de Estado” e as violações dos direitos humanos, ressignificando o princípio do Estado de Direito a partir da justificativa de manutenção da lei e da ordem. Neste trabalho, são discutidos elementos justificadores da relação existente entre a política de “guerra contra o terror” norte-americana e o recrudescimento dos direitos civis e políticos na Índia.Palavras-chave: Direitos humanos globais, guerra ao terror, Índia.THE GLOBAL HUMAN RIGHTS POLICY IN INDIAAbstract: The global human rights conveyed different meanings over time, through various forms of mobilization by social groups. The Indian State's response to the protests Indian militants has attracted special attention from the global discourse of "war on terror", which, in turn, has justified the "state terror" and violations of human rights, giving new meaning to theprinciple of State of Law from the justification of maintaining law and order. In this paper, we discuss justifiers’ elements of the relationship between the current "war on terror" policy in the United States and the resurgence of civil and political rights in India.Keywords: Global human rights, war on terror, India

Triggers

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amin Ghaziani
Keyword(s):  
Coming Of Age ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Queer Youth ◽  
Strong Indicator ◽  
Mixed Feelings ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
New Generation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City ◽  
Over Time

This chapter examines the perspectives of Chicago residents regarding the so-called “triggers” and how they are remapping the relationship between their sexuality and the city. Sexuality does not have a singular spatial expression. This is becoming truer over time, and it is a strong indicator of assimilation. Post-gays insist that they are culturally similar to straights, and they perceive many different neighborhoods in the city as possible places to live. The chapter considers how these two familiar mechanisms work as gays and lesbians pass through certain momentous junctures in their lives. These triggers include growing older, the coming of age of a new generation, and the Internet. Thus, the “idea of all gays living in one space,” if it was ever true, is now moribund in a post-gay era. The chapter also asks why there are mixed feelings about whether gayborhoods will remain meaningful for queer youth later in their lives.

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