Seasonality of cruise ship activityin neighboring regions

2022 ◽  
pp. 147509022110702
Author(s):  
Jeronimo Esteve-Perez ◽  
Antonio Garcia-Sanchez
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Cruise Ship ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Continuous Growth ◽  
Cruise Industry ◽  
Variation Index ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
The Empirical Analysis

The continuous growth of the cruise industry has brought with it a series of threats. Among them is the management of the seasonality of cruise activity in order to address its negative effects. This study examines the monthly cruise passenger movement distribution among a group of harbors located in the northeast sector of the Atlantic Ocean and the Baltic Sea with the aim of determining the existence of seasonality patterns in cruise traffic and their relationship between different regions. A database of cruise passenger movements during the period from 2007 to 2019 among 24 harbors forms the backbone of the empirical analysis. First, the seasonal variation index of each harbor was calculated to determine the seasonality pattern. Second, a cluster analysis was performed to classify harbors into clusters with analogous seasonality patterns. The results reveal that seasonality of cruise activity in a consolidated region is explained by own factors of the region, but also by an induced seasonality imported from neighboring cruise regions.

Seasonal variation in the incidence of Type 1 diabetes mellitus during 1983 to 1992 in the countries around the Baltic Sea

1999 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. 736-743 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Padaiga ◽  
J. Tuomilehto ◽  
M. Karvonen ◽  
G. Dahlquist ◽  
T. Podar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
The Baltic

RESEARCH OF CHANGES IN THE SEA FERRY AND CRUISE NETWORKS OF THE BALTIC SEA UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (29) ◽  
pp. 35-42
Author(s):  
N. N. Maiorov ◽  
◽  
A. A. Dobrovolskaya ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Global Analysis ◽  
Graph Model ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Cruise Industry ◽  
Route Network ◽  
Baltic Sea Region ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Cruise Lines

Cruise shipping is the calling card of many countries. In view of the downturn in this cruise industry due to Covid-19, it is necessary to develop new models and decision-making methods to reach pre-crisis levels. One such tool is the analysis and subsequent modernization of the route networks of ferry and cruise lines. The study presents models applicable to the regions of the seas. The object of the research is the Baltic Sea region and the existing route cruise networks. The article provides a global analysis of the cruise industry, confirming the need for modernization and the search for new solutions. Simply restarting the route networks, based on the 2019 networks, is not enough today. To solve the problem, a graph model of route networks is given, a model of route network organization is given, taking into account various subnetworks. To expand the capabilities of sea ferry and cruise lines, a theoretical model is proposed that allows the passenger to switch from one route to another, thus providing more flexibility and variety than the classical route through a given system of ports. The presented models are supported by examples of development of sea passenger ports and terminals of St. Petersburg, sea ferry networks of the Baltic Sea. Further research questions are presented. The presented model allows expanding the possibilities of the region, making them more attractive for passengers.

scholarly journals Ice charting based on multispectral satellite data in the Baltic Sea

1994 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 121-125
Author(s):  
V.A. Golovko ◽  
M. Leppäranta ◽  
S. Kalliosaari ◽  
YU.S. Sedunov ◽  
A.M. Volkov
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Image Segmentation ◽  
Satellite Imagery ◽  
Satellite Data ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Satellite Systems ◽  
Optical Scanner ◽  
Operational Space ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Operational Data

Results are presented from an experiment concerning operational space-borne ice charting based on the Russian Ocean and Resource satellite systems. The surface truth consisted of routine operational data, helicopter-borne reconnaissance, and some ground measurements. Examples of the satellite imagery are given and identification of ice types is described. Cluster-analysis has been used for automatic image segmentation. The potential of these satellites in operational ice charting is discussed. A 160 m resolution optical scanner and a 2 km resolution radar are found to be very useful complements to the present routine system.

scholarly journals Ice charting based on multispectral satellite data in the Baltic Sea

1994 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 121-125
Author(s):  
V.A. Golovko ◽  
M. Leppäranta ◽  
S. Kalliosaari ◽  
YU.S. Sedunov ◽  
A.M. Volkov
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Image Segmentation ◽  
Satellite Imagery ◽  
Satellite Data ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Satellite Systems ◽  
Optical Scanner ◽  
Operational Space ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Operational Data

Results are presented from an experiment concerning operational space-borne ice charting based on the Russian Ocean and Resource satellite systems. The surface truth consisted of routine operational data, helicopter-borne reconnaissance, and some ground measurements. Examples of the satellite imagery are given and identification of ice types is described. Cluster-analysis has been used for automatic image segmentation. The potential of these satellites in operational ice charting is discussed. A 160 m resolution optical scanner and a 2 km resolution radar are found to be very useful complements to the present routine system.

scholarly journals Seasonal variation in estuarine phytoplankton viability and its relationship with carbon dynamics in the Baltic Sea

Hydrobiologia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 847 (11) ◽  
pp. 2485-2501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samu Elovaara ◽  
Maria Degerlund ◽  
Daniel J. Franklin ◽  
Hermanni Kaartokallio ◽  
Tobias Tamelander
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Carbon Dynamics ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Estuarine Phytoplankton

scholarly journals The Potential of using Remote Sensing data to estimate Air–Sea CO<sub>2</sub> exchange in the Baltic Sea

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaëlle Parard ◽  
Anna Rutgersson ◽  
Sindu Raj Parampil ◽  
Anastase Alexandre Charantonis
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
Central Basin ◽  
Co2 Fluxes ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
High Co2 ◽  
Sensing Data ◽  
The Baltic

Abstract. In this article, we present the first climatological map of air–sea CO2 flux over the Baltic Sea, based on remote-sensing data: satellite imaging derived estimates of pCO2 and remotesensed wind estimates. The pCO2 estimates estimated using self-organizing maps classifications along with class-specific linear regressions (SOMLO methodology). The estimates have a spatial resolution of 4-km both in latitude and longitude and a monthly temporal resolution from 1998 to 2011. The CO2 fluxes are estimated using two types of wind products, i.e. reanalysis winds and satellite wind products, the higher-resolution wind product generally leading to higher-amplitude fluxes estimations. Furthermore, the CO2 fluxes were also estimated using two methods: the method of Wanninkhof et al. (2012) and the method of Rutgersson et al. (2010), i.e. reanalysis winds and satellite wind products, the higher-resolution wind product generally resulting in higheramplitude fluxes. The seasonal variation in fluxes reflects the seasonal variation in pCO2 and stays similar throughout the Baltic Sea, with high CO2 emissions in winter and high CO2 uptake in summer. All basins act as a source for the atmosphere, with a higher degree of emission in the southern regions (mean source of 1.6 mmol m−2 d−1 for the South Basin and 0.9 for the Central Basin) than in the northern regions (mean source of 0.1 mmol m−2 d−1 and the coastal areas act as a larger sink (annual uptake of −4.2 mmol m−2 d−1 than does the open sea (−4 mmol m−2 d−1). In this study, we find that the Baltic Sea acts as a small source of 1.2 mmol m−2 d−1 on average and that annual uptake has increased from 1998 to 2012.

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