scholarly journals Risk for Mental Disorders Associated With Sexual Assault: A Meta-Analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 1011-1028 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily R. Dworkin
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Psychiatric Diagnoses ◽  
Sample Type ◽  
Odds Ratios ◽  
Sexually Assaulted

Sexual assault (SA) is a common form of trauma that is associated with numerous deleterious outcomes. Understanding the relative prevalence of psychiatric diagnoses in people who have been sexually assaulted versus people who have not been assaulted could help to prioritize assessment and intervention efforts, but there has been no quantitative review of this topic. A search of PsychINFO, ProQuest Digital Dissertations and Theses, and Academic Search Premier for articles dated between 1970 and 2014 was conducted, and unpublished data were obtained. Eligible studies used diagnostic interviews to assess Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders diagnoses in both individuals experiencing adolescent/adult and/or lifetime SA and unassaulted individuals. The search yielded 171 eligible effects from 39 studies representing 88,539 participants. Meta-regression was used to aggregate the prevalence of psychiatric diagnoses in sexually assaulted and unassaulted samples as well as calculate odds ratios reflecting the difference between these prevalence estimates. Results indicated that most disorders were more prevalent in survivors of SA, and depressive disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were especially prevalent. Disorder-specific differences in odds ratios were observed as a function of sample type, type of comparison group, and time frame of SA. Service providers should be prepared to address depressive disorders and PTSD in survivors of SA, and interventions that prevent the development of these disorders are especially needed.

scholarly journals Sexual assault: women’s voices on the health impacts of not being believed by police

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen McQueen ◽  
Jodie Murphy-Oikonen ◽  
Ainsley Miller ◽  
Lori Chambers
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Social Impact ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Health Impacts ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Secondary Victimization ◽  
Sexually Assaulted ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Sexual assault is a prevalent crime against women globally with known negative effects on health. Recent media reports in Canada indicate that many sexual assault reports are not believed by police. Negative reporting experiences of sexual assault have been associated with secondary victimization and trauma among survivors. However, little is known about the impact that being sexually assaulted and not believed by police has on a survivor’s health and well-being. The purpose of this study was to explore women’s experiences of not being believed by police after sexual assault and their perceived impact on health. Methods We conducted open-ended and semi-structured interviews with 23 sexual assault survivors who were sexually assaulted and not believed by police. The interviews explored the self-reported health impacts of not being believed by police and were conducted from April to July, 2019. All interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and entered into NVIVO for analysis. Data were analyzed using Colaizzi’s analytic method. Results Analysis revealed three salient themes regarding the health and social impact of not being believed by police on survivors of sexual assault: (1) Broken Expectations which resulted in loss of trust and secondary victimization, (2) Loss of Self, and (3) Cumulative Health and Social Effects. The findings showed that not being believed by police resulted in additional mental and social burdens beyond that of the sexual assault. Many survivors felt further victimized by police at a time when they needed support, leading to the use taking of alcohol and/or drugs as a coping strategy. Conclusion Reporting a sexual assault and not being believed by police has negative health outcomes for survivors. Improving the disclosure experience is needed to mitigate the negative health and social impacts and promote healing. This is important for police, health, and social service providers who receive sexual assault disclosures and may be able to positively influence the reporting experience and overall health effects.

scholarly journals Implementing Protocols in the Emergency Department to Improve Care for Sexual Assault Patient

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly Ciccone
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Wait Time ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Educational Training ◽  
Forensic Evidence ◽  
Improvement Project ◽  
Sexually Assaulted ◽  
Evidence Collection ◽  
National Training

This quality improvement project answered the following question: Does implementation of sexual assault forensic examination protocols with educational training increase the number of staff who are knowledgeable and available to complete sexual assault forensic examinations and reduce wait times for individuals who present to the emergency department and have indicated that they were sexually assaulted, over no use of protocols, within a 15-week time frame? Evidence-based state protocols for performing sexual assault forensic examinations were implemented through educational training that incorporated national training criteria and hands on simulation skills practice. Evaluation of outcome measures confirmed an increase to over 80% of available and knowledgeable emergency department staff for providing sexual assault forensic examinations and forensic evidence collection. Implications of the findings support the existing evidence for implementing protocols to improve the provision of examination, treatment, and forensic evidence collection for sexual assault patients. The increase in available and knowledgeable staff for performing sexual assault forensic examinations is expected to reduce the wait time for patients who present to the emergency department and report that they have been sexually assaulted.

Rumination in Borderline Personality Disorder: Meta-Analysis

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mara J. Richman ◽  
Zsolt Unoka ◽  
Robert Dudas ◽  
Zsolt Demetrovics
Keyword(s):  
Borderline Personality Disorder ◽  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Emotion Dysregulation ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Borderline Personality ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Sample Type ◽  
Moderator Variables ◽  
Analytic Review ◽  
Self Harm

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is characterized by deficits in emotion regulation and affective liability. Of this domain, ruminative behaviors have been considered a core feature of emotion dysregulation difficulties. Despite this, inconsistencies have existed in the literature regarding which rumination type is most prominent in those with BPD symptoms. Moreover, no meta-analytic review has been performed to date on rumination in BPD. Taking this into consideration, a meta-analysis was performed to assess how BPD symptoms correlate with rumination, while also considering clinical moderator variables (i.e., BPD symptom domain, co-morbidities, GAF score) and demographic moderator variables (i.e., age, gender, sample type, and education level). Analysis of correlation across rumination domains for the entire sample revealed a medium overall correlation between BPD symptoms and rumination. When assessing types of rumination, the largest correlation was among pain rumination followed by anger, depressive, and anxious rumination. Among BPD symptom domain, affective instability had the strongest correlation with increased rumination, followed by unstable relationships, identity disturbance, and self-harm/ impulsivity, respectively. Demographic variables showed no significance. Clinical implications are considered and further therapeutic interventions are discussed in the context of rumination.

Autobiographical Memory Impairments as a Transdiagnostic Feature of Mental Illness: A meta-analysis of autobiographical memory specificity and overgenerality amongst people with psychiatric diagnoses

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Joseph Barry ◽  
David John Hallford ◽  
Keisuke Takano
Keyword(s):  
Autobiographical Memory ◽  
Memory Retrieval ◽  
Keyword Search ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Psychiatric Diagnoses ◽  
Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Memory Impairments ◽  
Memory Specificity ◽  
Causal Mechanisms

Decades of research has examined the difficulty that people with psychiatric diagnoses, such as Major Depressive Disorder, Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, have in recalling specific autobiographical memories from events that lasted less than a day. Instead, they seem to retrieve general events that have occurred many times or which occurred over longer periods of time, termed overgeneral memory. We present the first transdiagnostic meta-analysis of memory specificity/overgenerality, and the first meta-regression of proposed causal mechanisms. A keyword search of Embase, PsycARTICLES and PsycINFO databases yielded 74 studies that compared people with and without psychiatric diagnoses on the retrieval of specific (k = 85) or general memories (k = 56). Multi-level meta-analysis confirmed that people with psychiatric diagnoses typically recall fewer specific (g = -0.864, 95% CI[-1.030, -0.698]) and more general (g = .712, 95% CI[0.524, 0.900]) memories than diagnoses-free people. The size of these effects did not differ between diagnostic groups. There were no consistent moderators; effect sizes were not explained by methodological factors such as cue valence, or demographic variables such as participants’ age. There was also no support for the contribution of underlying processes that are thought to be involved in specific/general memory retrieval (e.g., rumination). Our findings confirm that deficits in autobiographical memory retrieval are a transdiagnostic factor associated with a broad range of psychiatric problems, but future research should explore novel causal mechanisms such as encoding deficits and the social processes involved in memory sharing and rehearsal.

scholarly journals Month of Birth and Mental Disorders: A Population‐Based Study and Validation Using Global Meta‐Analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chih‐Wei Hsu ◽  
Ping‐Tao Tseng ◽  
Yu‐Kang Tu ◽  
Pao‐Yen Lin ◽  
Chi‐Fa Hung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Month Of Birth ◽  
Population Based Study

Team Learning Behaviors and Performance: A Meta-Analysis of Direct Effects and Moderators

2021 ◽  
pp. 105960112110169
Author(s):  
Christopher W. Wiese ◽  
C. Shawn Burke ◽  
Yichen Tang ◽  
Claudia Hernandez ◽  
Ryan Howell
Keyword(s):  
Team Performance ◽  
Team Learning ◽  
Task Complexity ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Sample Type ◽  
Learning Behaviors ◽  
Learning Teams ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Team Familiarity

Under what conditions do team learning behaviors best predict team performance? The current meta-analytic efforts synthesize results from 113 effect sizes and 7758 teams to investigate how different conceptualizations (fundamental, intrateam, and interteam), team characteristics (team size and team familiarity), task characteristics (interdependence, complexity, and type), and methodological characteristics (students vs. nonstudents and measurement choice) affect the relationship between team learning behaviors and team performance. Our results suggest that while different conceptualizations of team learning behaviors independently predict performance, only intrateam learning behaviors uniquely predict performance. A more in-depth investigation into the moderating conditions contradicts the familiar adage of “it depends.” The strength of the relationship between intrateam learning behaviors and team performance did not depend on team familiarity, task complexity, or sample type. However, our results suggested this relationship was stronger in larger teams, teams with moderate task interdependence, teams performing project/action tasks, and studies that use measures that capture a wider breadth of the team learning behavior construct space. These efforts suggest that common boundary conditions do not moderate this relationship. Scholars can leverage these results to develop more comprehensive theories addressing the different conceptualizations of team learning behaviors as well as providing clarity on the scenarios where team learning behaviors are most needed. Further, practitioners can use our results to develop more guided team-based policies that can overcome some of the challenges of forming and developing learning teams.

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