secondary victimization
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Author(s):  
Cristina R. Córdoba ◽  

At present, secondary victimization of sexual violence is very common and it has negative effects to the victims. Secondary victimization raises the issues of the victims and it originates others. This victimization often associates with justice system but it may create by society, victims’ close environment and mass and social media. The primary objective of that research is to establish secondary victimization’s characteristics in the last years and its linkage with genre stereotypes about victims’ behavior before, during and after sexual violence. These stereotypes are the same in the different countries. In the current study, they assessed 10 cases using news, declarations, videos and sentences.


2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 106
Author(s):  
Jenny Rahayu Afsebel Situmorang ◽  
Vinita Susanti

<p><em>Women (wives) is the most hidden victim of marital rape. Regarding this issue, we argue that women victims need victim assistance to prevent secondary victimization. This article is based on a literature review with a qualitative approach. Turning to marital rape cases in Indonesia, women's victims get harmful impacts in physiological and physical.</em><em> </em><em>Women victims of marital rape in Tanjung</em><em> </em><em>Priok, Bali, Pasuruan, and "L" are some of them. We conclude that the government and other stakeholders need to provide victim assistance for women victims of marital rape in mental and physical health, legal services (advocacy), economic empowerment, campaign, and particular public services spaces. The first thing to do is mental and physical health, but the next part, like legal services, is essential to prevent secondary victimization. Therefore, campaign to build awareness from society is essential to prevent stigmatization for women victims of marital rape. Finally, to implementing the role of victim assistant to prevent secondary victimization in marital rape cases needs unity for people by people and institution by institution. It is needed the same standpoint about marital rape.</em><em> </em><em></em></p><p> </p><p class="abstrak">Perempuan (secara khusus istri) merupakan korban tersembunyi dari pemerkosaan dalam pernikahan (<em>marital rape). </em>Menanggapi hal tersebut, menjadi penting untuk mempertimbangkan peran pendampingan korban atau <em>victimassistance </em>untuk menghindari viktimisasi sekunder (<em>secondary victimization). </em>Adapun artikel ini berdasarkan penelusuran literatur (<em>literature review) </em>dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Mengacu pada kasus <em>marital rape </em>yang dialami perempuan (istri) di Indonesia, maka hal tersebut berdampak buruk secara fisik maupun psikologis. Perempuan di Tanjung Priok, Bali, Pasuruan dan “L” merupakan contoh korban <em>marital rape. </em>Kesimpulan tulisan ini yaitu mendorong pemerintah dan pihak terkait agar segera menyediakan layanan pendampingan perempuan korban <em>marital rape </em>secara fisik, psikologis, bantuan hukum, pemberdayaan ekonomi, kampanye dan layanan di ruang publik. Hal yang pertama dilakukan adalah pendampingan layanan fisik dan mental. Kemudian, membangun kesadaran publik agar perempuan korban <em>marital rape </em>tidak distigmatisasi. Akhirnya, untuk menerapkan peran <em>victimassistant </em>sebagai pencegahan <em>secondary victimization </em>bagi perempuan korban <em>marital rape </em>membutuhkan kesatuan dari berbagai pihak dan lembaga. Persepektif yang sama terkait <em>marital rape </em>jelas dibutuhkan.</p><br /><br />


2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 43-57
Author(s):  
Alessandro Spena

Abstract After outlining the UN Protocol’s general approach to migrant smuggling, this article raises the question of whether and to what extent smuggled migrants can be said to be victims of this crime. The author argues that an affirmative answer is possible in at least three different respects: smuggled migrants can be victimized by states fighting against migrant smuggling and irregular immigration (secondary victimization); but, of course, they can also be victimized by smugglers (primary victimization), in two ways: first, if smuggling is so performed as to put their lives, physical integrity or dignity at risk; secondly, smugglers also victimize migrants by profiting of their vulnerable condition, and their need to enter a foreign country, in order to gain economic benefit.


Author(s):  
Viktor Novozhylov

The study is devoted to the issue of legal mechanism of attaining the objectives of criminal procedure on preservation of victims’ rights, freedoms and legitimate interests and prevention of secondary victimization in pre-trial proceedings (initiation of criminal proceedings and pre-trial investigation). This mechanism is composed of the procedure of legal entitlement of a harmed person with procedural status of victim, which provides the opportunity to participate sub actively in criminal process and to take advantages from corresponding legal guarantees in the process; the procedure for providing victims with a written acknowledgement of their formal complaint by criminal justice system officials that ensures that victim’s claim on the assumption that he or she has suffered some sort of harm as a direct result of criminal offense had been committed, is considered as true and simultaneously is examined by providing pre-trial investigation; ensuring that victims have been provided with the opportunity to receive preservation and protection of their violated procedural rights, in particular by providing access to challenge in court in pre-trial investigation processdecisions, actions or actions of investigator, inquirer, prosecutor or investigating judge. The author states that the Criminal Procedural Code of Ukraine prescribe that entitling of a harmed person with victim status is made through autodynamic procedure and that the Code purposely does not lie the burden of proof for attest suffered harm on the victim, which he or she proclaimed in a complaint. The common legal Presumption of Integrity and good faith of the person is embodied in mentioned legal provision and, as the author pointed out, have led to the obligation of competent officers to use an Anticipatory Trust Doctrine in resolving the issue of deprivation of the procedural status of the victim. The burden of proof for absence of harm is lied on investigator or prosecutor according to the author’s interpretation of Part 5 Art. 55 of the Criminal Procedural Code of Ukraine. The Code purposely does not provide the procedure for deprivation of the procedural status of victim in the stage of Trial too. Court order of investigating judge on the cancellation of the prosecutor's decision on deprivation of the procedural status of victim, ipso facto, entitling the complainant with victim status, as it restores the normative provision of first paragraph of Part 2 Art. 55 of the Criminal Procedural Code of Ukraine. The author analyzed nationwide statistic of court orders of investigating judge in two-last-years period and concluded that, on the one hand, the harmed persons often believe that their procedural rights are violated or ignored in pre-trial proceedings (at the initiation of criminal proceedings and in pre-trial investigation), which is leading to increased risks of secondary victimization; on the other hand, the rates of satisfaction of victims' complaints by the investigating judge are high, which proves the effectiveness of the institution of challenging in correcting mistakes that were committed earlier. Keywords: secondary victimization, objectives of criminal procedure, victim, harmed person, anticipatory trust doctrine, presumption of victims’ integrity, preservation of rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of victims, legal entitlement with status of the victim, acquisition of the status of the victim, deprivation of the procedural status of victim, refusal to recognize the victim, challenging in pre-trial investigation.


2021 ◽  
pp. 088626052110358
Author(s):  
Morgan Wilson ◽  
Natalia Hanley

It is now widely recognized that victims of crime in general, and victims of sexual offences in particular, commonly experience secondary victimization resulting from dismissive, poor, and sometimes retraumatizing treatment when they encounter the formal criminal justice system. However, little is known about victims’ experiences when initially reporting crime outside of the formal justice system, for example crime that occurs during cruise ship holidays. The cruise industry is the fastest growing tourism sector. The total number of passengers onboard cruise ships internationally was expected to reach 30 million in 2019. There is limited reliable data about how many people experience crime onboard cruise ships, though crime victimization does occur. While victimization onboard cruise ships has received some attention, there is a dearth of evidence about when and how victims report crime, how victims are treated when they report their experience of crime to cruise ship companies, or the justice outcomes. Nor does the available data address whether victims of crime from diverse social groups are treated differently by cruise companies. Drawing on qualitative accounts produced by primary and secondary victims of crime onboard cruise ships, it is argued that as well as the known challenges that victims face, the addition of brand protection can compound cruise ship victims’ experiences of secondary victimization. Secondary victimization refers to additional, or compounded harms experienced because of social or systemic responses to their experience of crime. There are three key implications of these findings: greater understanding of crime victims’ experiences should be developed via refined, mandatory reporting of crime onboard cruise ships, and robust qualitative research; cruise ship staff need improved specialized training in responding to victims of crime, and legislation should be considered mandating an independent authority onboard cruise ships to receive, investigate and monitor victimization reports and responses.


2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-56
Author(s):  
Nurini Aprilianda ◽  
Ryan Ilham Fibriansyah

Crime is harmful to society, especially to the victims. Legal protection should be taken into account to help the victims recover from the loss suffered. The protection can be made through the payment of restitution by either the offender or the third party. Such an issue has been addressed in the existing law, especially the Witness and Victim Protection Act 2014 (Amendment) and the Government Regulation No. 7 of 2018 concerning Compensation, Restitution, and Aid for Witness and Victim. Unfortunately, they do not impose any sanction over the delay in restitution payment by the third party or the offender. This paper aims at discussing the implication of this legal loophole. This normative legal research employs a statutory approach. It is found that the legal loophole has exposed the victims to secondary victimization due to uncertainty and injustice.


2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen McQueen ◽  
Jodie Murphy-Oikonen ◽  
Ainsley Miller ◽  
Lori Chambers

Abstract Background Sexual assault is a prevalent crime against women globally with known negative effects on health. Recent media reports in Canada indicate that many sexual assault reports are not believed by police. Negative reporting experiences of sexual assault have been associated with secondary victimization and trauma among survivors. However, little is known about the impact that being sexually assaulted and not believed by police has on a survivor’s health and well-being. The purpose of this study was to explore women’s experiences of not being believed by police after sexual assault and their perceived impact on health. Methods We conducted open-ended and semi-structured interviews with 23 sexual assault survivors who were sexually assaulted and not believed by police. The interviews explored the self-reported health impacts of not being believed by police and were conducted from April to July, 2019. All interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and entered into NVIVO for analysis. Data were analyzed using Colaizzi’s analytic method. Results Analysis revealed three salient themes regarding the health and social impact of not being believed by police on survivors of sexual assault: (1) Broken Expectations which resulted in loss of trust and secondary victimization, (2) Loss of Self, and (3) Cumulative Health and Social Effects. The findings showed that not being believed by police resulted in additional mental and social burdens beyond that of the sexual assault. Many survivors felt further victimized by police at a time when they needed support, leading to the use taking of alcohol and/or drugs as a coping strategy. Conclusion Reporting a sexual assault and not being believed by police has negative health outcomes for survivors. Improving the disclosure experience is needed to mitigate the negative health and social impacts and promote healing. This is important for police, health, and social service providers who receive sexual assault disclosures and may be able to positively influence the reporting experience and overall health effects.


2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 312-323
Author(s):  
Kihyun Kim ◽  
Bee Ryou ◽  
Jihyeon Choi ◽  
Jae-Won Kim

Objective Extant studies indicate that just one characteristic of sexual assault cannot properly represent the whole experience of sexual assault and, especially, the severity of sexual assault. This study aimed to understand the totality of sexual assault experiences and elucidate subtypes of sexual assault victims based on the detailed characteristics of their sexual assault experiences and those relationships with mental health.Methods A total of 255 adult sexual violence victims who used intervention services and a comparison group were included. Information on their sexual assault experiences was gleaned from case records data.Results The following four distinctive profile groups were identified: “Sexual Touching” (19.6%), “Rape/Social Relation” (30.4%), “Intimate Partner Violence (IPV)” (18.8%), and “Rape/Stranger” (31.3%). The subgroups differed in terms of secondary victimization and adverse childhood experiences. The Rape/Social Relation and IPV subgroups most frequently experienced secondary victimization and childhood adversity. The four profile subgroups demonstrated different relationships with mental health outcomes, with a complicated pattern. The Rap/Social Relation and IPV subgroups scored higher on mental health problem screening measures compared to other groups. However, a considerable proportion of victims in the Sexual Touching subgroup also reported suicidal behaviors and self-injury.Conclusion Based on the results, theoretical and clinical implications were discussed.


2021 ◽  
pp. 088626052110051
Author(s):  
María Victoria Carrera-Fernández ◽  
Ana Almeida ◽  
Xosé Manuel Cid-Fernández ◽  
Antonio González-Fernández ◽  
Jesús Deibe Fernández-Simo

Bullying is a severe public health problem, and bystanders’ reactions are a key variable in its perpetration and maintenance. This study aimed to assess the level of secondary victimization of bullying victims as a function of the student’s sex and the victim’s category (nonnormative vs. normative) in three experimental conditions (feminine, masculine, and ethnicity) from a socioecological perspective. Specifically, two dimensions of secondary victimization were evaluated: avoidance and devaluation/blaming of the victim. A sequence of mixed-design ANOVAs was performed with a sample of 553 Spanish (53.3%) and Portuguese (46.7%) students, aged between 14 and 19 years. Results show that nonnormative victims, those who transgress feminine and masculine gender stereotypes, and those who belong to a minority ethnic group (gypsies) are avoided more than normative victims; and that boys perpetrate more secondary victimization than girls. These results reveal the situation of vulnerability suffered by adolescents who transgress the gender norm as well as those who belong to minority ethnic groups, and highlight that the motivations concealed by the secondary victimization of bullying victims originate in the group processes of identity construction and categorization that configure the boundaries of “legitimacy” and are strongly influenced by social beliefs about normative and nonnormative identities. This socioecological approach could guide prevention strategies, so generic antibullying policies that do not explicitly address biases about gender, sexual, and cultural identity can be overcome to reduce the high levels of stigma occurring in the schools through critical and culturally responsive pedagogy.


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