Spouse and Child Abuse Associated With Illicit Drug Use in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 152483802199865
Author(s):  
Shahab Baheshmat ◽  
Jaleh Gholami ◽  
Masoumeh Amin-Esmaeili ◽  
Behrang Shadloo ◽  
Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Child Abuse ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
Illicit Drug Use ◽  
National Database ◽  
Illicit Substance ◽  
Illicit Substance Use ◽  
Increased Risk

Background: There is a high prevalence of substance use disorders, especially among men, in Iran and is associated with a high burden on families. We aimed to systematically review the association between illicit drug use and spouse and child abuse in Iran. Method: Comprehensive terms were used to search three international databases (ISI, Medline, and Scopus) and a national database of Scientific Information Database up to September 2019. The retrieved citations were screened based on the eligibility criteria and then data were extracted, and the risk of bias was assessed by two independent investigators. Data were analyzed using random-effects model to estimate pooled odds ratios ( ORs) and the heterogeneity of studies. Results: The search yielded 18 articles that met the inclusion criteria. Illicit substance use in husbands was associated with increased odds of current violence ( OR = 3.50; 95% CI [2.09, 5.86]), current physical violence ( OR = 5.41; 95% CI [3.50, 8.35]), current psychological violence ( OR = 6.20; 95% CI [3.74, 10.30]), and current sexual violence ( OR = 7.23; 95% CI [4.06, 12.87]) against spouse. In studies on child abuse, the odds of current physical child abuse by parents who used an illicit substance was 3.88 times (95% CI [1.50, 10.01]) higher than parents who did not use any illicit substance. Conclusion: The results of the current study showed that illicit substance use is associated with an increased risk of spouse and child abuse. This is an important social and health consequence of drug use and should be addressed in all drug control plans.

Peer and Community Influences on Adolescent Substance Use in the Context of Adverse Childhood Experiences

2021 ◽  
pp. 073112142110187
Author(s):  
Haley Stritzel
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Adverse Childhood Experiences ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Illicit Drug Use ◽  
Peer Influences ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Community Influences ◽  
Adverse Childhood ◽  
Peer Substance Use

Both adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and peer influences consistently predict early tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drug use. However, less research considers how peer and community influences contribute to or modify the association between ACEs and early substance use. This study addresses these gaps in the literature by analyzing multilevel, longitudinal data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (PHDCN; N = 1,912). Unstructured socializing and peer substance use largely explained the association between ACEs and drinking, smoking cigarettes, and illicit drug use in the past month. A history of ACEs magnified the association between peer substance use and the number of cigarettes smoked. Collective efficacy also shaped the associations between peer influences, ACEs, and substance use, but in different ways depending on the substance use outcome analyzed.

scholarly journals Impact of Abstinence and of Reducing Illicit Drug Use Without Abstinence on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Viral Load

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 867-874 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin M Nance ◽  
Maria Esther Perez Trejo ◽  
Bridget M Whitney ◽  
Joseph A C Delaney ◽  
Fredrick L Altice ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Viral Load ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Viral Suppression ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Illicit Drug Use ◽  
Hiv Viral Load ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Substance use is common among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH) and a barrier to achieving viral suppression. Among PLWH who report illicit drug use, we evaluated associations between HIV viral load (VL) and reduced use of illicit opioids, methamphetamine/crystal, cocaine/crack, and marijuana, regardless of whether or not abstinence was achieved. Methods This was a longitudinal cohort study of PLWH from 7 HIV clinics or 4 clinical studies. We used joint longitudinal and survival models to examine the impact of decreasing drug use and of abstinence for each drug on viral suppression. We repeated analyses using linear mixed models to examine associations between change in frequency of drug use and VL. Results The number of PLWH who were using each drug at baseline ranged from n = 568 (illicit opioids) to n = 4272 (marijuana). Abstinence was associated with higher odds of viral suppression (odds ratio [OR], 1.4–2.2) and lower relative VL (ranging from 21% to 42% by drug) for all 4 drug categories. Reducing frequency of illicit opioid or methamphetamine/crystal use without abstinence was associated with VL suppression (OR, 2.2, 1.6, respectively). Reducing frequency of illicit opioid or methamphetamine/crystal use without abstinence was associated with lower relative VL (47%, 38%, respectively). Conclusions Abstinence was associated with viral suppression. In addition, reducing use of illicit opioids or methamphetamine/crystal, even without abstinence, was also associated with viral suppression. Our findings highlight the impact of reducing substance use, even when abstinence is not achieved, and the potential benefits of medications, behavioral interventions, and harm-reduction interventions.

Do men who have sex with men who report alcohol and illicit drug use before/during sex (chemsex) present moderate/high risk for substance use disorders?

2020 ◽  
Vol 209 ◽  
pp. 107908 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thiago S. Torres ◽  
Leonardo S. Bastos ◽  
Luciana Kamel ◽  
Daniel R.B. Bezerra ◽  
Nilo M. Fernandes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Substance Use Disorders ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Illicit Drug Use ◽  
Sex With Men

Correlates of alcohol and illicit drug use before commercial sex among transgender women with a history of sex work in China

Sexual Health ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Wang ◽  
Ruijie Chang ◽  
Ying Wang ◽  
Xueqin Jiang ◽  
Shuxian Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Sex Workers ◽  
Female Sex Workers ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Illicit Drug Use ◽  
Commercial Sex ◽  
Female Sex ◽  
Alcohol And Drugs ◽  
Combined Use

Background Research on substance use among transgender female sex workers in China is scarce. The aims of this study were to examine: (1) the prevalence of alcohol or illicit drug use before commercial sex among this population; and (2) correlates of alcohol and illicit drug use. Methods: Complete survey data were analysed from 397 transgender female sex workers recruited from three of the largest cities in China: Shenyang, Shanghai and Guangzhou. Information was collected about demographics, alcohol or illicit drug use, alone or in combination, and their psychosocial correlates using structured questionnaires. Multinomial logistic regression models were used to examine the association between substance use and its correlates. Results: Before commercial sex, approximately one-third of the sample reported exclusive alcohol use (28.5%), 9.3% reported exclusive drug use and 7.3% reported combined use of alcohol and drugs. Before commercial sex, participants with low self-esteem had twice the odds of using alcohol exclusively (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2.05; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01–4.17), those with higher levels of loneliness had almost threefold the odds of exclusive drug use (aOR 2.92; 95% CI 1.21–7.07) and those with depression (aOR 2.97; 95% CI 1.11–7.96) and unknown HIV status (aOR 3.00; 95% CI 1.02–8.87) had threefold the odds of combined use of alcohol and drugs. Conclusion: Programs aimed at reducing alcohol or drug use among transgender female sex workers in China may consider adding components that help support mental health and encouraging HIV screening.

scholarly journals Illicit Drug Use and Problem Gambling

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Ferentzy ◽  
W. J. Wayne Skinner ◽  
Flora I. Matheson
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Problem Gambling ◽  
Substance Use Disorders ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Illicit Drug Use ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Legal Substances

Problem gambling, substance use disorders, and their cooccurrence are serious public health concerns. We conducted a comprehensive review of the literature to understand the present state of the evidence on these coaddictions. Our main focus was illicit drug use rather than misuse of legal substances. The review covers issues related to gambling as a hidden problem in the illicit drug use community; prevalence, problem gambling, and substance use disorders as kindred afflictions; problem gambling as an addiction similar to illicit drug use; risk factors and problems associated with comorbidity, and gender issues. We end with some suggestions for future research.

scholarly journals Effects of mental health and substance use disorder symptoms on the association between STDs and sexual identity: evidence from the 2017–2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Adzrago ◽  
Samuel H. Nyarko ◽  
Nnenna Ananaba ◽  
Christine Markham
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Depressive Episode ◽  
Major Depressive Episode ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Marijuana Use ◽  
Illicit Drug Use ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
And Gender

Abstract Background Sexually transmitted disease (STD) cases are rising in the USA, especially among sexual and gender minorities, despite the availability of numerous STD prevention programs. We examined the differences in STD prevalence among sexual and gender minority subgroups with major depressive episode symptoms and substance use dependence. Methods We combined 2017, 2018, and 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) public-use data on adults (N = 127,584) to conduct weighted multivariable logistic regression and margins analyses. Results Approximately 2.05% of the population reported having STDs. The population that had major depressive episode symptoms (AOR = 1.70, 95% CI = 1.46, 1.99), alcohol use dependence (AOR = 1.79, 95% CI = 1.49, 2.16), illicit drug use other than marijuana use dependence (AOR = 2.25, 95% CI = 1.73, 2.92), or marijuana use dependence (AOR = 1.90, 95% CI = 1.57, 2.31) had higher odds of contracting STDs compared to their counterparts. Lesbian/gay (AOR = 2.81, 95% CI = 2.24, 3.54) and bisexual (AOR = 1.95, 95% CI = 1.60, 2.37) individuals had higher odds of contracting STDs. Lesbians/gays with major depressive episode symptoms, alcohol use dependence, or illicit drug use other than marijuana use dependence had the highest probability of having STDs, compared to bisexuals and heterosexuals with major depressive episode symptoms, alcohol use, or illicit drug use other than marijuana use dependence. Bisexuals with marijuana use dependence had the highest probability of STD contraction compared to their lesbian/gay and heterosexual counterparts. Within each sexual identity subgroup, the probability of having STDs was higher for individuals with major depressive episode symptoms, or dependence on alcohol use, illicit drug use other than marijuana use, or marijuana use compared to their counterparts. Conclusion Major depressive episode symptoms, substance use dependence, and sexual and gender minority status had higher risks for STD diagnosis, particularly for sexual and gender minorities with major depressive episode symptoms or substance use dependence. Tailored interventions based on major depressive episode symptoms and substance use dependence may reduce the prevalence of STD, especially among sexual and gender minorities.

scholarly journals Validity Of Self-reported Alcohol And Other Drug Use Among Pregnant Women Attending Midwife Obstetric Units In The Cape Metropole, South Africa

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petal Petersen Williams ◽  
Catherine Mathews ◽  
Esme Jordaan ◽  
Yukiko Washio ◽  
Mishka Terplan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Urine Analysis ◽  
Standard Of Care ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Urine Screening ◽  
Illicit Substance ◽  
Illicit Substance Use

Abstract Background: This paper examines the validity of self-report of alcohol and other drug use in a South African cohort of pregnant women by comparing simple questioning about alcohol and other drug use (yes/no), a standardized screening tool (Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test; ASSIST, and urine analysis. Method: An observational study among women in eleven public prenatal clinics was conducted. Dichotomous verbal screening is a standard of care, and pregnant patients reporting alcohol and substance use in dichotomous verbal screenings were asked to engage in screening using the ASSIST and urinalysis. Results: Significant agreements between dichotomous and ASSIST scores were observed (K = 0.73-0.76). A higher rate of self-reported (36.9%) alcohol use was detected, relative to urine screening (19.6%) with a predictive value of 34.9; while underreporting of illicit substance use was observed (3.6% self-report vs 8.8% urine screening) with an overall predictive value of 50.0. Conclusion: Dichotomous verbal screening was considered valid after comparison with the ASSIST; however, combined use with urine screenings can be recommended especially for identifying illicit substance use in order to accurately detect alcohol and other drug use in pregnancy so that women can be identified and referred for appropriate interventions where needed.

Racial/Ethnic Differences in Illicit Substance Use: A Temporal-Ordered Test of General Strain Theory

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Ash-Houchen ◽  
Celia C. Lo
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
General Strain Theory ◽  
Strain Theory ◽  
Illicit Substance ◽  
Illicit Substance Use ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
General Strain ◽  
Illicit Use ◽  
Racial Ethnic

This longitudinal study applied general strain theory to elaborate specific stressful events’ lagged effects on risk of illicit substance use among non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, and Hispanic adolescents, and relatedly evaluated the moderating role of race/ethnicity in explaining illicit use. Data were drawn from five waves representing 9 years (2002–2010) of the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), totaling 16,868 person-waves, and we engaged temporal ordering and generalized estimating equations (GEE) for panel data in STATA for data analysis. Results showed specific events affected risk of illicit substance use differentially across racial/ethnic groups. Strains commonly encountered in disorganized spaces affected non-Hispanic White’s risk. Measured strains did not affect non-Hispanic Black respondents and findings for Hispanic respondents point to the family as a possible strain. Results indicated legal drug use and depression increased risk of illicit use greatly. Race/ethnicity’s role in illicit use’s associations with several variables illustrates differential implications for racial/ethnic groups in policy and preventive interventions.

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