Tough Enough for the Job? How Masculinity Predicts Recruitment of City Council Members

2017 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 1094-1122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Oliver ◽  
Meredith Conroy
Keyword(s):  
City Council ◽  
Personal Attributes ◽  
Candidate Emergence ◽  
Political Office ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
Personal Attributes Questionnaire ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Original Survey ◽  
Gender Influences ◽  
Elected Office

Does an individual’s gender help to explain if he or she is more or less likely to be recruited to run for political office? While the effects of sex differences on the candidate emergence process have been studied extensively, the influence of masculinity and femininity is less understood. To uncover if gender influences whether an individual is recruited to run for political office, this article relies on data from an original survey of a nationally representative sample of city council members, with the primary independent variable, individuals’ self-identified masculinity, measured by the Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ). Results show that those who identify as more masculine, whether male or female, are more likely to be recruited to run for elected office. This effect holds for a variety of types of recruitment, such as political elites and women’s organizations. The findings add an important dimension to the supply-side explanations for women’s underrepresentation.

Personal Attributes Questionnaire

1974 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet T. Spence ◽  
Robert Helmreich ◽  
Joy Stapp
Keyword(s):  
Personal Attributes ◽  
Personal Attributes Questionnaire

Association between the Socioeconomic Status of Households and a More Sustainable Diet

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Hassan Eini-Zinab ◽  
Nargeskhatoon Shoaibinobarian ◽  
Golnaz Ranjbar ◽  
Andisheh Norouzian Ostad ◽  
Seyyed Reza Sobhani
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Nutrition Transition ◽  
Dietary Quality ◽  
Fish Eggs ◽  
Sustainable Diet ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Socioeconomic Data

Abstract Objective: A sustainable diet is an affordable diet with low environmental impact, high food security, and sufficient healthiness. The present study aimed to assess the correlation between the socioeconomic status of households and a sustainable diet. Design: The food basket and socioeconomic data of Iranian households were evaluated during 2016-2018. The households were classified based on the sustainability of their diet by determining the dietary carbon footprint, dietary water footprint, lower dietary costs of the household than the median, and a higher dietary quality index than the median. Logistic regression was used with four models to calculate the odds ratio (OR) of a more sustainable diet as the dependent variable regarding the different quartiles of socioeconomic status (SES) as the independent variable. Setting: Iran. Participants: Iranian households (n 102,303), nationally representative, were studied. Results: Lower SES was associated with the higher OR of a sustainable diet (OR: 0.90; CI: 0.87-0.91). Higher quartiles of SES compared to the lower SES group indicated the higher energy intake and consumption of more dairies, meat, poultry, fish, eggs, legumes, nuts, and fruits, as well as the lower intake of bread, cereal, rice, and pasta. Conclusion: In countries such as Iran, where nutrition transition occurs rapidly, better economic and social levels in the populations with a higher SES are associated with increased energy intake and higher consumption of animal-based foods, which decreases sustainable diets compared to the groups with a lower SES.

Implicit Theories of Masculinity and Femininity: Dualistic or Bipolar?

1979 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Clayton Foushee ◽  
Robert L. Helmreich ◽  
Janet T. Spence
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Implicit Theories ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Personal Attributes ◽  
Masculinity And Femininity ◽  
Implicit Personality ◽  
Personality Theories ◽  
Personal Attributes Questionnaire

The present study addressed the question of whether persons' implicit personality theories include the notion that the possession of masculine and feminine characteristics tend to preclude each other so that the two clusters of attributes are perceived to be negatively correlated. Subjects (college students) were given one of four basic descriptions of a group of men or women. These descriptions specified the presence or absence of “masculine” or “feminine” attributes as defined by the Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ). Subjects given descriptions specifying the presence or absence of “masculine” characteristics were asked the extent to which they could make inferences about the presence or absence of “feminine” characteristics. An analogous procedure was implemented for the descriptions specifying the presence or absence of “feminine” characteristics. The results confirm the hypothesis that individuals tend to perceive a negative relationship between masculinity and femininity in others.

Intervening in Anti-Immigrant Sentiments: The Causal Effects of Factual Information on Attitudes toward Immigration

2021 ◽  
Vol 697 (1) ◽  
pp. 174-191
Author(s):  
Maria Abascal ◽  
Tiffany J. Huang ◽  
Van C. Tran
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Policy Preferences ◽  
Social Cognitions ◽  
Survey Experiment ◽  
Factual Information ◽  
Change Policy ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Original Survey ◽  
Contrast Information ◽  
Attitudes Toward Immigration

If preferences on immigration policy respond to facts, widespread misinformation poses an obstacle to consensus. Does factual information about immigration indeed affect policy preferences? Are beliefs about immigration’s societal impact the mechanism through which factual information affects support for increased immigration? To address these questions, we conducted an original survey experiment, in which we presented a nationally representative sample of 2,049 Americans living in the United States with facts about immigrants’ English acquisition and immigrants’ impact on crime, jobs, and taxes—four domains with common misperceptions. Three of these factual domains (immigration’s impact on crime, jobs, and taxes) raise overall support for increased immigration. These facts also affect beliefs that are directly relevant to that information. Moreover, those beliefs mediate the effect of factual information on support for increased immigration. By contrast, information about English acquisition affects neither policy preferences nor beliefs about immigration’s impact. Facts can leverage social cognitions to change policy preferences.

Reliability of the Attitudes toward Women Scale (AWS) and the Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ)

1979 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan D. Yoder ◽  
Robert W. Rice ◽  
Jerome Adams ◽  
Robert F. Priest ◽  
II Prince ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attitudes Toward Women ◽  
Personal Attributes ◽  
Personal Attributes Questionnaire

Alcohol dependence and gender-role orientation

2002 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.M. Möller-Leimkühler ◽  
R. Schwarz ◽  
W. Burtscheidt ◽  
W. Gaebel
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Alcohol Dependence ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Personal Attributes ◽  
Role Orientation ◽  
Gender Role Orientation ◽  
Personal Attributes Questionnaire ◽  
And Gender

SummaryObjectiveThe overall increase of female alcoholism is supposed to be associated with the change of the traditional female role, and it is especially seen as a consequence of role convergence or gender-role conflicts. The aim of the present pilot study is to explore whether the approach of gender-role orientation would be empirically useful in contributing to these hypotheses.MethodOne hundred twelve patients with alcohol dependence meeting DSM-III-R criteria were explored after detoxification; gender-role orientation was measured by a German version of the ‘Extended Personal Attributes Questionnaire’, categorising gender-role orientation into four subgroups: masculine, feminine, androgynous, and undifferentiated.ResultsIn comparison with a population-based sample, there are significant differences in the distribution of the four subgroups of gender-role orientation, showing a predominance of the undifferentiated self-concept in the alcoholic sample (49%). Alcoholic females describe themselves as rather undifferentiated, and rather feminine than masculine. Low masculinity and low femininity, as well as high femininity, correlate positively with distress, depressiveness, social anxiety, insecurity and concomitant personality disorders.ConclusionOur data do not support the convergence hypothesis related to gender-role orientation, but support the traditional feminine self-concept as an unspecific risk factor for vulnerability. The question whether an undifferentiated self-concept could be a specific risk factor for alcoholism is discussed.

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