Habitability in Space

2005 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia M. Rando ◽  
Susan D. Baggerman ◽  
Laura E. Duvall
Keyword(s):  
Leisure Time ◽  
Space Exploration ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Waste Collection ◽  
Extended Length ◽  
Exercise Countermeasures

Over the last 40 years NASA has made great strides in creating habitable environments that support long-term space exploration. Most recently, the Skylab, Mir, and International Space Station exploration endeavors have provided NASA with a wealth of lessons learned to be carried forth to the new national vision for space exploration: “to the moon, Mars and beyond.” This paper will focus on the challenges and successes associated with creating a safe, functional, and productive environment for the human being living in space for an extended length of time. Specifically, the authors will be focusing on the issues surrounding habitation in space including: crew sleeping quarters, food preparation and dining facilities, exercise countermeasures, personal hygiene and waste collection, crew leisure time, and internal vehicle configuration. The lessons learned will be used to make recommendations for future long term space exploration.

scholarly journals Recent progress on the Chinese space programme and radiation research

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 213-216
Author(s):  
G. Zhou ◽  
W. Hu ◽  
H. Pei ◽  
H. Chen ◽  
T.K. Hei
Keyword(s):  
Space Exploration ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Space Radiation ◽  
Alpha Particles ◽  
Assessment System ◽  
Substantial Progress ◽  
Potential Strategy ◽  
Radiation Research

Manned space exploration was initiated in China in 1992, and substantial progress has been made. The next step is to build the Chinese Space Station (CSS), which is planned to be launched in 2020. The CSS will provide an on-orbit laboratory for experimental studies including space radiation research. The health risk of space radiation, especially carcinogenesis, is a major concern for long-term space exploration. Establishing a risk assessment system suitable for Chinese astronauts and developing effective countermeasures are major tasks for Chinese space radiobiologists. The Institute of Space Life Sciences, Soochow University has focused on these topics for years. We established cancer models with low-dose-rate exposure of alpha particles, and elucidated a microRNA-TGFβ network regulating bystander effects and a lncRNA-cytoskeleton network regulating genomic instability induced by ionising radiation. We also confirmed the radioresistance of quiescent cells, which inspires a potential strategy to improve individual radioresistance during long-term space travel. However, we believe that a multi-disciplinary strategy must be developed to protect astronauts from highly energised space radiation.

scholarly journals The Moon as a Climate-Quality Radiometric Calibration Reference

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1837 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas C. Stone ◽  
Hugh Kieffer ◽  
Constantine Lukashin ◽  
Kevin Turpie
Keyword(s):  
Space Station ◽  
Sensor Response ◽  
Spectral Irradiance ◽  
Radiometric Calibration ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Multiple Sensors ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Si Traceability ◽  
Diffuse Reflector

On-orbit calibration requirements for a space-based climate observing system include long-term sensor response stability and reliable inter-calibration of multiple sensors, both contemporaneous and in succession. The difficulties with achieving these for reflected solar wavelength instruments are well known. The Moon can be considered a diffuse reflector of sunlight, and its exceptional photometric stability has enabled development of a lunar radiometric reference, manifest as a model that is queried for the specific conditions of Moon observations. The lunar irradiance model developed by the Robotic Lunar Observatory (ROLO) project has adequate precision for sensor response temporal trending, but a climate-quality lunar reference will require at least an order of magnitude improvement in absolute accuracy. To redevelop the lunar calibration reference with sub-percent uncertainty and SI traceability requires collecting new, high-accuracy Moon characterization measurements. This paper describes specifications for such measurements, along with a conceptual framework for reconstructing the lunar reference using them. Three currently active NASA-sponsored projects have objectives to acquire measurements that can support a climate-quality lunar reference: air-LUSI, dedicated lunar spectral irradiance measurements from the NASA ER-2 high altitude aircraft; ARCSTONE, dedicated lunar spectral reflectance measurements from a small satellite; and Moon viewing opportunities by CLARREO Pathfinder from the International Space Station.

New Economy in space: Cis-lunar economic circle and analogue simulations in China to the 2061 Horizon

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
guo linli ◽  
blanc michel ◽  
huang tieqiu ◽  
huang jiangze ◽  
yuan jianping ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
International Cooperation ◽  
Lunar Surface ◽  
Space Exploration ◽  
Shaanxi Province ◽  
Lunar Exploration ◽  
Test Field ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Liquid Propellant ◽  
The Earth

<p>    The Moon is sometimes also called the "eighth continent" of the Earth. Determining how to utilize cis-lunar orbital infrastructures and lunar resources to carry out new economic activities extended to the space of the Earth-Moon system is one of the long-term goals of lunar exploration activities around the world. Future long-term human deep-space exploration missions to the Moon, on the Moon surface or using the Moon to serve farther destinations will require the utilization of lunar surface or asteroid resources to produce water, oxygen and other consumables needed to maintain human survival and to produce liquid propellant for the supply of spacecraft on the lunar surface. In complement to exploration activities, Moon tourism in cis-lunar orbit and on the lunar surface will become more and more attractive with the increase of  human spaceflight capacity and the development of commercial space activities. However, the development of a sustainable Earth-Moon ecosystem requires that we solve the following five problems:</p><p>(1)How to design alow-cost cis-lunar space transportation capacity? To find an optimal solution, one must compare direct Earth-Moon flight modes with flights based on the utilization of space stations, and identify the most economical spacecraft architectures.</p><p>(2)How to design an efficient set ofcis-lunar orbital infrastructures combining LEO space stations, Earth-Moon L1/L2 point space stations and Moon bases for commercial tourism, taking into account key issues such as energy, communications and others?</p><p>(3)Significant amounts ofliquid oxygen, water, liquid propellant and structural material will be needed for human bases, crew environmental control and life support systems, spacecraft propulsion systems, Moon surface storage and transportation systems. How to  design in-situ resources utilization (ISRU) of the Moon, including its soil, rocks and polar water ice reservoirs, to produce the needed amounts?</p><p>(4) How to simulate on the Earth surface the different components and key technologies that will enable a future long-term human residence on the Moon surface?</p><p>(5). How to accommodate the co-development of public and commercial space and foster international cooperation? How can space policies and international space law help this co-development?</p><p>    China has made rapid progress in robotic lunar exploration activities in the last 20 years, as illustrated by the recent discoveries provided by the Chang'e-4 lander on the far side of the Moon. By 2061, China will have gone into manned lunar exploration and built Moon bases. In preparation for this new phase of its contribution to space exploration, lunar surface simulation instruments have been built in Beijing, Shenzhen and other places in China. A series of achievements have been made in the field of space life sciences . An ambitious project to establish a large Moon base simulation test field, the Lunar Base Yulin (LBY) project, currently in its design phase in Yulin, Shaanxi Province in China, will allow the verification of key relevant technologies.</p><p>    By the 2061 Horizon, we believe that international cooperation and public-private partnership will be key elements to enable this vision of a new, sustainable cis-lunar space economy.</p>

Extended Managerial Implications

2018 ◽  
pp. 254-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Thomas Riley
Keyword(s):  
Space Exploration ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
First Century ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Critical Elements ◽  
Settlement Site ◽  
Managerial Implications ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Habitat Design ◽  
Human Space Exploration

In these challenging times, people need a positive vision of the future that human space exploration best provides. The way Apollo to the Moon was run in the 1960s, with a huge government program, simply cannot happen today. Fortunately, all the elements needed to build a twenty-first century grassroots human space program are now available. This chapter provides one possible approach developed by the Big Moon Dig, called MOVE, and discusses its critical elements such as management of a large out-of-box project, finding a lunar settlement site, critical habitat design, and applying the lessons learned to other problems on Earth.

The cislunar spaceport for the crew delivery to the lunar surface

2019 ◽  
pp. 5-13
Author(s):  
Yury N. Makushenko ◽  
Rafail F. Murtazin ◽  
Dmitry S. Zarubin
Keyword(s):  
Lunar Surface ◽  
Space Exploration ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Low Earth Orbit ◽  
Lunar Orbit ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Deep Space ◽  
Deep Space Exploration ◽  
National Programs ◽  
Lunar Lander

The success of the International Space Station project has inspired the partners to review possible steps in space exploration beyond Low Earth Orbit. The Moon, Mars, or asteroids - the priorities of partners’ national programs could be different. Understanding of the deep space exploration viability by the joint team led partners to consideration regarding Cis-Lunar Spaceport which will become a Spaceport and should facilitate the implementation of the national programs. At the present time a concept of the Spaceport located on high-elliptical lunar orbit is being widely discussed. The Spaceport is considered to be a transportation hub supporting deep space exploration programs: missions to the Moon, asteroids, Mars and other natural and artificial objects. Different schemes of crew delivery to the lunar surface using Lunar Lander based and serviced at the Spaceport are compared in the paper. The Spaceport utilization significantly reduces transportation operations time limits and provides conditions for reusable lunar spacecraft implementation. Key words: Cislunar spaceport, high-elliptical lunar orbit, ascent module, descant module, reusable lunar crew vehicle.

scholarly journals Sequencing DNA, RNA and related molecules as a tool to advance space exploration

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 10-13
Author(s):  
Aaron S. Burton
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
International Space Station ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Space Exploration ◽  
Space Station ◽  
The Moon ◽  
International Space ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Harmful Organisms ◽  
New Challenges

As humans seek to return to the Moon, and eventually to Mars and beyond, new challenges must be overcome to keep astronauts safe and healthy. This includes protecting crew members from harmful organisms in their environment, treating infections that may arise, monitoring nutrition and understanding how the human body adapts to spaceflight during missions that could last multiple years. Since the International Space Station (ISS) was first occupied in 2000, crew health has been monitored with thorough check-ups before and after flight, and the collection of many samples during flight that are brought back to Earth for analysis. During longer missions to more distant solar system locales, where returning samples to Earth is no longer practical, being able to analyse samples aboard the spacecraft could be very important.

Physical Performance Issues for Humans in Space

2005 ◽  
Vol 49 (23) ◽  
pp. 2028-2030
Author(s):  
James Maida
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Physical Performance ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Low Earth Orbit ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Short Term ◽  
International Space ◽  
Space Suits ◽  
Performance Issues

NASA has built human habitations for a trip to the moon and for low earth orbit. These habitations include Skylab, Shuttle and the International Space Station. We also have experience with the Russian station, Mir. Shuttle and the Lunar experiences are considered somewhat short term in nature, under 20 days, and do not really test nor answer the physical performance issues of long term human physical activity in space. We have some experience in long term human physical activity from Skylab, MIR and Space Station, but much more is needed to understand physical demands of working in space. Even more is needed for the long term lunar and planetary experience. We need more information about habitats, space suits and exploring in these environments.

Maximizing Outcomes in Group Treatment of Aphasia: Lessons Learned From a Community-Based Center

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 100-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darlene Williamson
Keyword(s):  
Group Treatment ◽  
Treatment Protocol ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Group Program ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Multiple Treatment ◽  
Use Of Technology ◽  
Communication Impairments ◽  
Treatment Settings

Given the potential of long term intervention to positively influence speech/language and psychosocial domains, a treatment protocol was developed at the Stroke Comeback Center which addresses communication impairments arising from chronic aphasia. This article presents the details of this program including the group purposes and principles, the use of technology in groups, and the applicability of a group program across multiple treatment settings.

Periodic monitoring of vampire bats and rabies: a new framework for animal restoration projects in the Neotropics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Gonçalves ◽  
Daniel G. Streicker ◽  
Mauro Galetti
Keyword(s):  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Multidisciplinary Teams ◽  
Risk Area ◽  
Food Web Structure ◽  
Land Bridge ◽  
High Risk Area ◽  
Restoration Project ◽  
Vampire Bats

Nowadays, restoration project might lead to increased public engagement and enthusiasm for biodiversity and is receiving increased media attention in major newspapers, TED talks and the scientific literature. However, empirical research on restoration project is rare, fragmented, and geographically biased and long-term studies that monitor indirect and unexpected effects are needed to support future management decisions especially in the Neotropical area. Changes in animal population dynamics and community composition following species (re)introduction may have unanticipated consequences for a variety of downstream ecosystem processes, including food web structure, predator-prey systems and infectious disease transmission. Recently, an unprecedented study in Brazil showed changes in vampire bat feeding following a rewilding project and further transformed the land-bridge island into a high-risk area for rabies transmission. Due the lessons learned from ongoing project, we present a novel approach on how to anticipate, monitor, and mitigate the vampire bats and rabies in rewilding projects. We pinpoint a series of precautions and the need for long-term monitoring of vampire bats and rabies responses to rewilding projects and highlighted the importance of multidisciplinary teams of scientist and managers focusing on prevention educational program of rabies risk transmitted by bats. In addition, monitoring the relative abundance of vampire bats, considering reproductive control by sterilization and oral vaccines that autonomously transfer among bats would reduce the probability, size and duration of rabies outbreaks. The rewilding assessment framework presented here responds to calls to better integrate the science and practice of rewilding and also could be used for long-term studying of bat-transmitted pathogen in the Neotropical area as the region is considered a geographic hotspots of “missing bat zoonoses”.

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