Incremental Transfer and Cost Effectiveness of Groundbased Flight Trainers in University Aviation Programs

2005 ◽  
Vol 49 (7) ◽  
pp. 764-768 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esa M. Rantanen ◽  
Donald A. Talleur
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Transfer Of Training ◽  
Training Effectiveness ◽  
Flight Training ◽  
Safety Aspects ◽  
The Past ◽  
Valid Data ◽  
Aviation Programs ◽  
Intervening Variables

Use of ground-based flight training devices in flight training is attractive for several reasons. In addition to undeniable safety aspects and immunity to weather, ground trainers also offer benefits in terms of training effectiveness, typically measured by the time or number of trials saved over training exclusively in an airplane. A review of 19 studies from the past 56 years that have investigated transfer of training effectiveness from ground trainers to airplane revealed, however, that unambiguous conclusions about the best use of these devices are difficult to discern. The reason for the lack of valid data and widely varied results are the large number of intervening variables present in flight training as well as the difficulty of conducting sound research on this topic.

Impact of Varying Flight Training Criteria on Flight Task Transfer Performance

1980 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 572-572
Author(s):  
Mark Nataupsky ◽  
Thomas M. McCloy ◽  
John M. Bermudez ◽  
Valentin W. Tirnan ◽  
Villiam G. Buchta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transfer Of Training ◽  
Transfer Task ◽  
Dependent Measure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Flight Training ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Wind Condition ◽  
Air Force Academy ◽  
Carry Over ◽  
Transfer Tasks

Recent studies have shown that criterion levels established in training directly affect later performance of subjects on experimental tasks. Approximately 20% of variance can be explained by these criteria. The purpose of this study was to determine if a similar relationship can be found in transfer of training situations. Twenty male Air Force Academy cadets were trained to one of two multiple criteria levels on a difficult flight manuever in a GAT-1 simulator. There was a easy criterion set and a more difficult criterion set. These two sets consisted of holding prescribed performance parameters in heading, vertical velocity, and altitude. After achieving their assigned criterion, all cadets in each of the two groups were then tested on the same task in a GAT-1 simulator, but this time the maneuver had to be performed under turbulent wind conditions. This wind condition served as the transfer task. Half of the cadets in each group had the same criterion in both the training and the transfer task. The other cadets had different criteria in the training and transfer tasks. Thus there were four experimental groups: easy-easy, easy-difficult, difficult-easy, difficult-difficult. One control group had the easy criterion while the other control group had the difficult criterion. There were five cadets in each control group. The dependent measure was the Transfer Effectiveness Ratio (TER), derived from trials of this criterion data. This index is an estimate of the amount of time saved in learning a transfer task when performance is adjusted to that of a control group. Several analyses of various tasks of derived scores yielded significant results, confirming that criterion levels established in training carry over to transfer of training situations. Moreover, the data showed consistency in accounting for 20% or more of the variance.

Companion Trainer Aircraft: Concept Definition and Evaluation

1982 ◽  
Vol 26 (7) ◽  
pp. 610-614
Author(s):  
Robert T. Nullmeyer
Keyword(s):  
Air Force ◽  
Transfer Of Training ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Flight Training ◽  
Weapon System ◽  
Electronic Warfare ◽  
Concept Definition ◽  
Business Jet ◽  
Air Force Base ◽  
B 52

Faced with increasing budget constraints and a need to conserve the B-52 weapon system, the Strategic Air Command has pursued several avenues to make continuation training programs more efficient. Because actual flight training is considered to be critical, one proposed solution involved the use of a low cost business jet to supplement reduced B-52 flying schedules. This jet would be augmented to provide training for the radar navigator, navigator, and electronic warfare officer in addition to the pilot and copilot. Some training missions would be flown in this Companion Trainer Aircraft (CTA) to reduce the need to fly the B-52. This paper describes two efforts concerning training effectiveness of a possible CTA. First, a theoretical approach based on transfer of training considerations was used to predict the training potential of the CTA. Second, because the transfer expectations for the pilot and copilot were particularly difficult to specify, a study was designed involving operational SAC crews. This study employed a modified T-39B to supplement B-52 training for eight aircrews from the 2nd Bombardment Wing, Barksdale Air Force Base, LA. Although the CTA program was cancelled and the test was terminated early, crew responses to the program and problems encountered provide valuable lessons for any future CTA program.

scholarly journals Imaginary Worlds: The Status of Simulation Modeling in Claims for Cost-Effectiveness In Diabetes Mellitus

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul C Langley ◽  
Taeho Greg Rhee
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Simulation Modeling ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Impact

Over the past 20 years a number of simulations or models have been developed as a basis for tracking and evaluating the impact of pharmacological and other interventions in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. These models have typically tracked the natural course of these diseases generating long-term composite claims for cost-effectiveness. These claims can extend over the lifetime of the modeled patient cohort. Set against the standards of normal science, however, these claims lack credibility. The claims presented are all too often either immune to failure or are presented in a form that is non-testable. As such they fail to meet the key experimental requirements of falsification and replication. Unfortunately, there is a continuing belief that long-term or lifetime models are essential to decision-making. This is misplaced. The purpose of this review is to argue that there is a pressing need to reconsider the needs of health system decision makers and focus on modeled or simulated claims that are meaningful, testable, reportable and replicable in evaluating interventions in diabetes mellitus.   Type: Commentary

scholarly journals Taking stock of cost-effectiveness analysis of healthcare in China

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. e001418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Butt ◽  
Gordon G Liu ◽  
David D Kim ◽  
Peter J Neumann
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
English Language ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Cost Effectiveness Analysis ◽  
Healthcare Decision ◽  
Reporting Practices ◽  
The Past ◽  
Effectiveness Analysis ◽  
Healthcare Decision Making

IntroductionCost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) is playing an increasingly important role in informing healthcare decision-making in China. This study aims to review the published literature on CEA in mainland China and describe its characteristics and evolution. We provide recommendations on the future direction of CEA as a methodology and as a tool to support healthcare decision-making in China.MethodsEnglish-language cost-per-quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) and cost-per-disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) publications relating to mainland China were reviewed using the Tufts Medical Center Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Registry and Global Health Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Registry through 2017. Study features were summarised using descriptive statistics. Changes in study methodology over time were analysed by trend test, and study characteristics influencing the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of cost-per-QALY studies were investigated using logistic regression.Results170 studies were identified reporting CEA for mainland China (cost/QALY=125, cost/DALY=45) since 1998. The number and quality of studies has increased over the past two decades, with significantly more cost-per-QALY studies compared with cost-per-DALY studies (p<0.0001) and more studies with authors affiliated with Chinese institutions (p=0.0002). The average quality score was 5.04 out of 7 for cost-per-QALY and 4.70 for cost-per-DALY studies based on Registry reviewers’ subjective assessment of overall quality (methods, assumptions and reporting practices). The median ICER reported for interventions for oncology patients was higher (US$26 694 per QALY) than the median ICER reported for all interventions (US$11 503 per QALY). Oncology interventions were associated with the likelihood of reporting higher ICERs than the median ICER (p=0.003).ConclusionThe number of English-language published CEA studies relating to China has grown rapidly over the past 20 years. In terms of quality, the China studies compare favourably with international studies, although they remain a small proportion of studies globally.

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