Stopping Performance in Familiar and Unfamiliar Vehicles

1987 ◽  
Vol 31 (7) ◽  
pp. 762-765
Author(s):  
Thomas A. Ranney ◽  
Nathaniel H. Pulling
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Driving Performance ◽  
Driving Simulators ◽  
Vehicle Accidents ◽  
Approach Speed ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Driving Range ◽  
The One ◽  
Performance Research

Lack of vehicle familiarity is a contributing factor in motor-vehicle accidents. It may also contaminate results in experiments where subjects are required to drive unfamiliar vehicles or driving simulators. An instrumented driving range, including a signalized intersection, was developed to evaluate driving performance in subjects' own vehicles. Fourteen drivers completed approximately fifty laps of the one-half mile closed course in their own vehicles and in an unfamiliar passenger van. Their task was to stop at the stopline following the change of the traffic signal from green to yellow. Brake reaction time, smoothness of deceleration, approach speed, and stopping accuracy were recorded. In the unfamiliar van, brake reaction times were faster and drivers were more likely to stop considerably before the stop line than in their own vehicle. Deceleration was slightly smoother in the unfamiliar van. Individual differences in approach speed were stronger than differences associated with vehicles. Overall performance was influenced more by the position of the vehicle at yellow onset than by vehicle familiarity. Results were interpreted as suggesting heightened driver awareness in the unfamiliar vehicle. Implications for the safety of drivers in unfamiliar vehicles are discussed. The use of unfamiliar vehicles in driving performance research and problems of data analysis resulting from the use of drivers in their own vehicles are also discussed.

Task-induced fatigue states and simulated driving performance

2002 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 659-686 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald Matthews ◽  
Paula A. Desmond
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Driving Performance ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Vehicle Accidents ◽  
Stress Symptoms ◽  
Performance Impairment ◽  
Driving Task ◽  
Effort Regulation ◽  
Compensatory Effort

States of fatigue are implicated in driver impairment and motor vehicle accidents. This article reports two studies investigating two possible mechanisms for performance impairment: (1) loss of attentional resources; and (2) active regulation of matching effort to task demands. The first hypothesis predicts that fatigue effects will be accentuated by high task demands, but the second hypothesis predicts that fatigue effects will be strongest in “underload” conditions. In two studies, drivers performed a stimulated driving task, in which task demands were manipulated by varying road curvature. In a “fatigue induction” condition, the early part of the drive was occupied by performance of a demanding secondary task concurrently with driving, after which the concurrent task ceased. Post-induction driving performance was compared with a control condition in which drivers were not exposed to the induction. In both studies, the fatigue induction elicited various subjective fatigue and stress symptoms, and also raised reported workload. Fatigue effects on vehicle control and signal detection were assessed during and after the fatigue induction. The fatigue induction increased heading error, reduced steering activity, and, in the second study, reduced perceptual sensitivity on a secondary detection task. These effects were confined to driving on straight rather than on curved road sections, consistent with the effort regulation hypothesis. The second study showed that fatigue effects were moderated by a motivational manipulation. Results are interpreted within a control model, such that task-induced fatigue may reduce awareness of performance impairment, rather than reluctance or inability to mobilize compensatory effort following detection of impairment.

Driving Performance of Residents after Six Consecutive Overnight Work Shifts

2016 ◽  
Vol 124 (6) ◽  
pp. 1396-1403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie L. Huffmyer ◽  
Matthew Moncrief ◽  
Jessica A. Tashjian ◽  
Amanda M. Kleiman ◽  
David C. Scalzo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Driving Performance ◽  
Guidance System ◽  
Driving Safety ◽  
Experimental Session ◽  
Consecutive Night ◽  
Resident Physicians ◽  
Night Shifts

Abstract Background Residency training requires work in clinical settings for extended periods of time, resulting in altered sleep patterns, sleep deprivation, and potentially deleterious effects on safe performance of daily activities, including driving a motor vehicle. Methods Twenty-nine anesthesiology resident physicians in postgraduate year 2 to 4 drove for 55 min in the Virginia Driving Safety Laboratory using the Driver Guidance System (MBFARR, LLC, USA). Two driving simulator sessions were conducted, one experimental session immediately after the final shift of six consecutive night shifts and one control session at the beginning of a normal day shift (not after call). Both sessions were conducted at 8:00 am. Psychomotor vigilance task testing was employed to evaluate reaction time and lapses in attention. Results After six consecutive night shifts, residents experienced significantly impaired control of all the driving variables including speed, lane position, throttle, and steering. They were also more likely to be involved in collisions. After six consecutive night shifts, residents had a significant increase in reaction times (281.1 vs. 298.5 ms; P = 0.001) and had a significant increase in the number of both minor (0.85 vs. 1.88; P = 0.01) and major lapses (0.00 vs. 0.31; P = 0.008) in attention. Conclusions Resident physicians have greater difficulty controlling speed and driving performance in the driving simulator after six consecutive night shifts. Reaction times are also increased with emphasis on increases in minor and major lapses in attention after six consecutive night shifts.

scholarly journals Validity of Steiner’s Automobile Anxiety Inventory

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-61
Author(s):  
Zack Z. Cernovsky ◽  
Milad Fattahi ◽  
Larry C. Litman ◽  
Silvia Tenenbaum ◽  
Beta Leung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Quantitative Measure ◽  
Brief Pain Inventory ◽  
Severity Index ◽  
Vehicle Accidents ◽  
Pain Ratings ◽  
The One ◽  
Normal Controls ◽  
Anxiety Questionnaire

Background: Steiner’s Automobile Anxiety Inventory (AAI) is a 23 item questionnaire which provides a quantitative measure of vehicular anxiety (amaxophobia), common in survivors of motor vehicle accidents (MVAs). The present study examines criterion and convergent validity of the AAI. Method: De-identified data from a sample of 50 patients (mean age=39.1, SD=12.1; 17 men, 33 women) injured in high impact MVAs included the scores on Steiner’s AAI, as well as the pain ratings on the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI), scores on the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), the Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire, Subjective Neuropsychological Symptoms Scale (SNPSS), Whetstone Vehicle Anxiety Questionnaire, and on Driving Anxiety Questionnaire (DAQ). The patients’ scores were compared to de-identified AAI data of 22 normal controls (mean age=45.9, SD=21.3; 10 men, 12 women). Results: Mean score of the patients on Steiner’s AAI (mean=15.0, SD=2.5) was significantly higher than the one of normal controls (mean=3.2, SD=3.8) in a t-test (t=15.6, df=70, p<.001). The underlying correlation is very high (r=.88): this indicates an excellent criterion validity. Satisfactory convergent validity is suggested by significant correlations (p<.001) of Steiner’s AAI scores to the Whetstone Vehicle Anxiety Questionnaire (r=.58) and Driving Anxiety Questionnaire (r=.52). The AAI correlated at p<.001 with post-accident neuropsychological impairments as measured by Rivermead (r=.89) and SNPSS (r=.72). Internal consistency of the AAI is satisfactory (Cronbach alpha=.95). Discussion and Conclusion: The results indicate satisfactory criterion and convergent validity of the Automobile Anxiety Inventory.

scholarly journals Driving and diabetes: are the changes in the European Union licensing regulations fit for purpose?

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex J Graveling ◽  
Brian M Frier
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Driving Performance ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Fitness To Drive ◽  
Everyday Activity ◽  
Vehicle Accidents ◽  
Fit For Purpose ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Medical Fitness

Driving is an important everyday activity for many people with diabetes, which is designated a prospective disability as it may impair driving performance as it progresses in severity. In effect, the principal threat to driving performance is hypoglycaemia associated with insulin therapy. Regular assessment of medical fitness to drive is undertaken to identify drivers with diabetes who are at greatest risk of experiencing motor vehicle accidents. Many countries do not restrict the licensing of drivers with insulin-treated diabetes and fail to review and/or restrict the driving of large goods vehicles or those carrying passengers. The European Union has formulated regulations for driving licensing for diabetes through successive directives, which have been implemented by individual countries including the UK. In response to submissions to relax licensing restrictions, some of these have been amended recently and were implemented in the UK in January 2018. Their rationale and potential value are discussed.

A Reassessment of Suicide Measurement

Crisis ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.P. Doessel ◽  
Ruth F.G. Williams ◽  
Harvey Whiteford
Keyword(s):  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Years Of Life Lost ◽  
Health Prevention ◽  
Prevention Strategies ◽  
Vehicle Accidents ◽  
The Social ◽  
Evaluation Exercise ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Circulatory Diseases

Background. Concern with suicide measurement is a positive, albeit relatively recent, development. A concern with “the social loss from suicide” requires careful attention to appropriately measuring the phenomenon. This paper applies two different methods of measuring suicide data: the conventional age-standardized suicide (count) rate; and the alternative rate, the potential years of life lost (PYLL) rate. Aims. The purpose of applying these two measures is to place suicide in Queensland in a historical and comparative (relative to other causes of death) perspective. Methods. Both measures are applied to suicide data for Queensland since 1920. These measures are applied also to two “largish” causes of death and two “smaller” causes of death, i.e., circulatory diseases, cancers, motor vehicle accidents, suicide. Results. The two measures generate quite different pictures of suicide in Queensland: Using the PYLL measure, suicide is a quantitatively larger issue than is indicated by the count measure. Conclusions. The PYLL measure is the more appropriate measure for evaluation exercise of public health prevention strategies. This is because the PYLL measure is weighted by years of life lost and, thus, it incorporates more information than the count measure which implicitly weights each death with a somewhat partial value, viz. unity.

Psychological Outcome of Motor Vehicle Accidents

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshiharu Kim ◽  
Yutaka Matsuoka ◽  
Ulrich Schnyder ◽  
Sara Freedman ◽  
Robert Ursano
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Motor Vehicle Accidents ◽  
Psychological Outcome ◽  
Vehicle Accidents

Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) enables operative management of the peripartum trauma patient in hemorrhagic shock

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelvin Allenson ◽  
Laura Moore
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Death ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Operative Management ◽  
Balloon Occlusion ◽  
Motor Vehicle Accidents ◽  
Gravid Uterus ◽  
Intrauterine Pregnancy ◽  
Vehicle Accidents ◽  
Pelvic Hemorrhage ◽  
Endovascular Balloon Occlusion

Trauma related injury is the leading cause of non-obstetric maternal death.  The gravid uterus is at risk for injury, particularly during motor vehicle accidents.  Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) is a means of controlling pelvic hemorrhage in the setting of trauma.  We report the use of REBOA in a hemodynamically unstable, multiply-injured young woman with viable intrauterine pregnancy.

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