Sound Localization: Information Theory Analysis

1996 ◽  
Vol 40 (18) ◽  
pp. 905-909
Author(s):  
John S. Wallace ◽  
Donald L. Fisher ◽  
John Collura
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Information Content ◽  
Choice Reaction Time ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Noise Signal ◽  
Broadband Noise ◽  
Theory Analysis ◽  
Vehicle Collision ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Relationship

Three experiments were performed which examined the applicability of the Hick-Hyman law to the design of an auditory interface for a vehicle collision avoidance warning system. All trials used a single broadband noise signal emanating from one of a subset of six loudspeakers equally spaced around the subject in the azimuthal plane. Both the size of the sub-set and the balance of relative probabilities from speaker to speaker were altered to evaluate the relationship between information content and the dependent variable, choice reaction time. Choice reaction time was found to be related to the information content of the sound stimulus in all cases. It was also found to be related to the presence of pairs of speakers which were symmetrically opposed to one another in front of and behind the subject.

Fractionated Reaction Time as a Function of Magnitude of Force in Simple and Choice Conditions

1997 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 435-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masanobu Ito
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Grip Strength ◽  
Choice Reaction Time ◽  
Peak Force ◽  
Constant Amount ◽  
Premotor Time ◽  
Force Reaction ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Maximum Grip Strength ◽  
Maximum Grip

The present study examined whether varying magnitude of force required to perform an isometric response influences fractionated reaction time in simple and choice conditions and whether reaction time and premotor time to initiate the response are shorter when force is selected freely by the subject than when it is selected by the experimenter. 20 subjects were required to react and produce a designated peak force as quickly and accurately as possible by squeezing a handle after a reaction signal. Four different magnitudes of force were 30, 50, and 70% of the maximum grip strength of the subjects and subject-selected magnitude of force. Reaction time and premotor time did not change across the range of forces examined in both simple and choice reaction-time conditions regardless of whether a desired force was selected by the experimenter or by the subject These findings suggest that programming an isometric response may require a constant amount of time.

The Relationship between Reaction Time and Intensity in Discrete Auditory Tasks

1979 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. van der Molen ◽  
P. J. G. Keuss
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
The Other ◽  
Response Choice ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Auditory Tasks ◽  
Simple Rt ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Negative Gradient

The effect of signal intensity upon reaction time (RT) was studied in three auditory RT tasks in which the signal was a tone of high or low frequency. Experiment I showed the well-known negative gradient with intensity of simple RT when the subject was instructed to ignore the frequency and give the same response to both tones. But when the subject had to discriminate the frequency in a choice RT task, the RT/intensity relationship appeared to be U-shaped. Experiment II showed that when the subject was required to make a response to one signal but withhold it for the other, a task which requires discrimination of the frequency of the tone but removes the necessity to choose between overt responses, no increase in RT at high intensities was obtained. The results indicate that it is the response choice stage rather than the stimulus encoding stage which is retarded at higher energy levels. Experiment I also demonstrated that visual and auditory leading signals have similar facilitating effects without affecting the RT/intensity relationships.

Information Processing Components of Digit Symbol Performance in Schizophrenia

1976 ◽  
Vol 42 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1329-1330
Author(s):  
D. R. Hemsley
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Choice Reaction Time ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Reaction Time Task ◽  
Choice Reaction Time Task ◽  
Digit Symbol ◽  
Time Task ◽  
The Relationship

The present report is of the relationship between digit symbol performance in schizophrenia and measures derived from a visual choice reaction-time task. The ability to ignore irrelevant visual stimuli was most closely related to digit symbol performance, other measures adding little to the predicted variance.

Do Difficulties in Stimulus Discrimination Affect Luminance Processing?

Perception ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 25 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 124-124
Author(s):  
D Pins ◽  
M Treisman ◽  
R Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Choice Reaction Time ◽  
Simple Reaction Time ◽  
Discrimination Task ◽  
Hyperbolic Function ◽  
Specific Time ◽  
Stimulus Discrimination ◽  
Simple Reaction ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Time Required

Simple reaction time is known to decay as a hyperbolic function of luminance (Piéron's function). An identical relationship has also been demonstrated recently (Pins and Bonnet, 1996 Perception & Psychophysics in press) with different choice-reaction-time tasks. Although mean choice reaction time increased with the complexity of the task, the exponents of the functions relating reaction time (RT) to luminance were found to be equal in each experiment. These results suggest that the task specific time required by the different tasks only adds to the time necessary for luminance processing. In these experiments, the different stimuli presented were easily discriminable. In the present study, we examined the effect of variation in luminance on a more difficult discrimination task involving variation in orientation. Five different luminance levels covering the entire mesopic range were used. In two conditions, tilted lines at nine different angles were used, at a spacing of 2°. In the first condition, the orientations were chosen on both sides of the vertical (the subject responded “left” or “right”); in the second condition, the orientations were on both sides of a line oriented at −40° to the vertical (the subject responded “high” or “low”). The results were compared to those of a second experiment in which only two easily discriminable orientations were used. The results show that RT is greater in the experiments in which nine orientations are used, while the effect of intensity on RT is lower. This effect does not depend on orientation.

Awareness of Aggressive Response Contingencies When Using the Reaction-Time Research Task

1985 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 631-637 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. S. Bertilson ◽  
L. J. Bendinelli
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Response Bias ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Aggressive Response ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Research Task ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Matching Strategy ◽  
The Relationship

College students interacted via the Taylor reaction-time method of studying aggression with an opponent who attacked the subject with maximum shocks for six trials and switched to a matching strategy for 1, 6, or 12 additional trials. At the end of the task, subjects responded to a questionnaire that measured awareness of their own shock settings, the opponent's shock settings, and the relationship between shock settings made by the subject and those made by the opponent. While a statistically significant proportion of subjects correctly recalled the shock settings and relationships between shock settings, a substantial proportion of subjects did not. Results were discussed in relation to a “trade-off” between the use of “masking” tasks, such as the reaction-time procedure, to control subjects' response bias, and the risk that stimulus contingencies may be obscured by such “masking” tasks. One solution to the dilemma may be to replicate the findings both with and without a “masking” task.

“Calling Bullshit”

2021 ◽  
pp. 227-245
Author(s):  
Leonard Shedletsky ◽  
David F. Bantz ◽  
Jo Temah Gabrielski ◽  
Abou El-Makarim A. Aboueissa
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Intuitionist Model ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Shed Light

This chapter reports an original experimental study that explores the idea that “calling bullshit” may shed light on how we reach a conclusion quickly, following Mercier and Sperber's social intuitionist theory of how we reason. According to the social intuitionist model, instead of going from deliberating and finding reasons prior to arriving at conclusions, as in the rationalist model, we typically go from conclusions backwards to reasons. Little if any empirical research has studied how we come to the determination “that's bullshit,” especially our ability to decide that something is bullshit so quickly. This study explores the relationship between the strength of belief in four ideologies and the speed of “calling bullshit.” The experiment tests the effect of strength of belief in the worldviews of Individualism, Communitarianism, Hierarchicalism, and Egalitarianism. It also examines reaction time for instances of confirming versus disconfirming the subject's worldview as well as age of the subject.

Choice Reaction Time to Single Digits, Spelled Numbers, “Right” and “Wrong” Arithmetic Problems and Short Sentences

1967 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane A. North ◽  
David A. Grant ◽  
Robert A. Fleming
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Choice Reaction Time ◽  
Addition And Subtraction ◽  
Single Number ◽  
The Relationship

Average RT to single number stimuli were found to differ significantly, with the shorter RTs being evoked by 1, 2, 6, and 9. The relationship was most marked when the numbers were presented visually as digits but held also when the numbers were printed as words. RT for classification of simple three-digit addition and subtraction problems as correctly or incorrectly added or subtracted was shortest for correct additions and about equal for incorrect additions and correct and incorrect subtractions, implying a difference in processing of these forms of information. Similarly, dubitably false sentences were more slowly classified as “true” or “false” than were indubitably false sentences and either dubitably or indubitably true sentences.

Effects of Age, Gender, Activation, Stimulus Degradation and Practice on Attention and Visual Choice Reaction Time

1988 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 203-207
Author(s):  
Max Vercruyssen ◽  
Michael T. Cann ◽  
Joan M. McDowd ◽  
James E. Birren ◽  
Barbara L. Carlton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Choice Reaction Time ◽  
Neural Activation ◽  
Stimulus Quality ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Needed Information ◽  
Activation Level ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Stimulus Degradation ◽  
Reaction Task

This paper presents research conducted by the authors and others investigating the interaction of a variety of variables which are presumed to affect reaction time in hopes of obtaining much needed information on factors influencing age effects on attention and information processing. Reported is progress to date on an experiment which shows that the effects of age on central nervous system speed, as measured by visual choice reaction time, depends on many factors, including the gender, neural activation level, and skill of the subject as well as the stimulus quality and type of reaction task employed.

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