Entropy-Based Quantitative Electroencephalogram Analysis for Diagnosing Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Girls

Diagnosis of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is currently based on core symptoms or checklists; however, the inevitability of practitioner subjectivity leads to over- and underdiagnosis. Although the Federal Drug Administration has approved an elevated theta/beta ratio (TBR) of the electroencephalogram (EEG) band as a tool for assisting ADHD diagnosis, several studies have reported no significant differences of the TBR between ADHD and control subjects. This study detailed the development of a method based on approximate entropy (ApEn) analysis of EEG to compare ADHD and control groups. Differences between ADHD presentation in boys and girls indicate the necessity of separate investigations. This study enrolled 30 girls with ADHD and 30 age-matched controls. The results revealed significantly higher ApEn values in most brain areas in the control group than in the ADHD group. Compared with TBR-related feature descriptors, ApEn-related feature descriptors can produce the higher average true positive rate (0.846), average true negative rate (0.814), average accuracy (0.817), and average area under the receiver operating characteristic curve value (0.862). Therefore, compared with TBR, ApEn possessed the better potential for differentiating between girls with ADHD and controls.

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Daily life impairments associated with self-reported childhood/adolescent attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and experiences of diagnosis and treatment: Results from the European Lifetime Impairment Survey

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/j.eurpsy.2013.10.007 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 29 (5) ◽

pp. 316-323 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

H. Caci ◽

M. Doepfner ◽

P. Asherson ◽

R. Donfrancesco ◽

S.V. Faraone ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Online Survey ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Control Group ◽

Adhd Group ◽

Adhd Diagnosis ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Current Medication ◽

And Control

AbstractThe Lifetime Impairment Survey assessed impairment and symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children/adolescents from six European countries. Parents/caregivers of children/adolescents aged < 20 years with ADHD (ADHD group; n = 535) and without ADHD (control group; n = 424) participated in an online survey. History of ADHD diagnosis was self-reported. ADHD and control groups were compared using impairment and symptom scales; higher scores indicate greater impairment. Mean (SD) age at ADHD diagnosis was 7.0 (2.8) years, following consultation of 2.7 (2.6) doctors over 20.4 (23.9) months. Parents/caregivers (64%; 344/535) reported frustration with some aspect of the diagnostic procedure; 74% (222/298) were satisfied with their child's current medication. ADHD had a negative impact on children/adolescents in all aspects of life investigated. The ADHD group had a higher mean (SD) school impairment score (2.7 [0.7]) compared with the control group (2.1 [0.7]; P < 0.001) and were more likely to be in the bottom of their class (P < 0.001). These data provide insights into impairments associated with ADHD in childhood/adolescence, and identify areas for improvement in its management and treatment.

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Mainstream and Remedial School Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Boys: More Alike than Different

South African Journal of Psychology ◽

10.1177/008124630503500105 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 35 (1) ◽

pp. 73-88

Author(s):

J. B. Savitz ◽

P. Jansen

Keyword(s):

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Control Group ◽

Adhd Group ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Executive Deficits ◽

Mainstream School ◽

The Difference ◽

Neuropsychological Tasks

The literature on the neuropsychology of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is plagued by inconsistent findings, which are usually attributed to a variety of extraneous variables. One of the most inadequately explored of these variables is the difference between ADHD children attending remedial and mainstream schools. This study aimed to investigate whether the performance of remedial and mainstream school ADHD boys differs on relevant neuropsychological tasks. The sample consisted of three groups of 8- to 12-year-old boys. Two of these groups consisted of children with ADHD: one from remedial schools and one from mainstream schools. The third group was made up of participants without ADHD, who attended mainstream schools. The performance of the remedial school learners on the Stroop, Lurian and cancellation tasks was investigated and compared to a mainstream school ADHD sample. The performance of the ADHD group as a whole was compared with that of a control group. No significant difference in performance was found between the two ADHD groups, except for the length of time taken to read words in the control condition of the Stroop. The control group out-performed the ADHD samples on the Stroop, Lurian and cancellation tasks. The findings suggest that mainstream and remedial ADHD boys do not differ in the severity of their executive deficits, but that boys with ADHD attending remedial schools may be more likely to have another learning disorder than their counterparts at mainstream schools.

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Delay aversion in school-aged children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

South African Journal of Psychology ◽

10.1177/0081246320964350 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 008124632096435

Author(s):

Ramatladi Meriam Mphahlele ◽

Basil Joseph Pillay ◽

Anneke Meyer

Keyword(s):

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Limpopo Province ◽

Control Group ◽

Delay Aversion ◽

School Aged Children ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Gender And Age ◽

And Gender ◽

And Control

This study considered whether children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder displayed a stronger preference for smaller, more immediate rewards over larger, but delayed rewards (delay aversion) when compared to typically developing controls and, furthermore, whether age and gender influenced their preference in any way. Children, between 6 and 15 years of age, living in Limpopo province of South Africa, participated in the study. Two hundred sixteen children in total (108 with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and 108 matched controls without attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms) were assessed, on a task of delay aversion. The Two Choice Impulsivity Paradigm, which assesses immediate and delayed responses, was administered to both the attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and control groups. The performance of both groups was compared on the Two Choice Impulsivity Paradigm, and the scores were analysed as a function of gender and age. The attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder group chose significantly more immediate, smaller responses than the neurotypical control group, which preferred significantly more delayed but larger responses. Gender and age did not affect the response choices for both immediate and delayed measurements. Children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder show a greater need for more immediate gratification, even if the reward is smaller, than the neurotypical control group who could delay gratification to receive a larger reward. Gender and age did not influence their preferences.

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Analysis of Effective Connectivity Strength in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Using Phase Transfer Entropy

Iranian Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.18502/ijps.v16i4.7224 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ali Ekhlasi ◽

Ali Motie Nasrabadi ◽

Mohammad Reza Mohammadi

Keyword(s):

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Phase Transfer ◽

Transfer Entropy ◽

Control Group ◽

Adhd Group ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Healthy Individuals ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Connectivity Strength

Objective: This study aimed to investigate differences in brain networks between healthy children and children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) during an attention test. Method: To fulfill this, we constructed weighted directed graphs based on Electroencephalography (EEG) signals of 61 children with ADHD and 60 healthy children with the same age. Nodes of graphs were 19 EEG electrodes, and the edges were phase transfer entropy (PTE) between each pair of electrodes. PTE is a measure for directed connectivity that determines the effective relationship between signals in linear and nonlinear coupling. Connectivity graphs of each sample were constructed using PTE in the five frequency bands as follows: delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma. To investigate the differences in connectivity strength of each node after the sparsification process with two values (0.5 and 0.25), the permutation statistical test was used with the statistical significance level of p<0.01. Results: The results indicate stronger inter-regional connectivity in the prefrontal brain regions of the control group compared to the ADHD group. However, the strength of inter-regional connectivity in the central regions of the ADHD group was higher. A comparison of the prefrontal regions between the two groups revealed that the areas of the Fp1 electrode (left prefrontal) in healthy individuals play stronger transmission roles. Conclusion: Our research can provide new insights into the strength and direction of connectivity in ADHD and healthy individuals during an attention task.

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Color vision in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A pilot visual evoked potential study

10.7287/peerj.preprints.261 ◽

2014 ◽

Author(s):

Soyeon Kim ◽

Tobias Banaschewski ◽

Rosemary Tannock

Keyword(s):

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Color Vision ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Color Perception ◽

Control Group ◽

Adhd Group ◽

Colour Perception ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Dopaminergic Tone ◽

Visual Evoked

Background: Individuals with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are reported to manifest visual problems (including ophthalmological and color perception problems, particularly for blue-yellow stimuli), but findings are inconsistent. Accordingly, this study investigated visual function and color perception in adolescents with ADHD using VEP. Method: Participants were 31 adolescents (aged 13-18); 16 with a confirmed diagnosis of ADHD, and 15 healthy peers, matched for age, gender, and IQ. All underwent ophthalmological exam, color vision testing (Mollon-Reffin Minimalist Colour Vision Test), as well as electrophysiological testing (color Visual Evoked Potentials; cVEP) which measured the latency and amplitude of the neural P1 response to chromatic stimuli (Blue-Yellow, Red-Green). Result: No group differences were found in clinical measure of color perception or opthalmological exam. However, significantly larger P1 amplitude was found for blue and yellow stimuli, but not red/green stimuli, in the ADHD group compared to controls. Discussion: Larger amplitude in the P1 component for blue-yellow in ADHD group compared to control group may account for no difference in colour perception task. Perhaps activating more resources in early sensory processing (P1) compensated for any underlying problems including compromised retinal input of s-cones due to hypo-dopaminergic tone.

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Utilization of Art Therapy with Children with ADHD Co-Morbid Intellectual Disability for Decreasing Inattention

sjesr ◽

10.36902/sjesr-vol3-iss4-2020(71-76) ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

pp. 71-76

Author(s):

Dr. Hina Ayaz Habib ◽

Dr. Uzma Ali

Keyword(s):

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Intellectual Disability ◽

Art Therapy ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Wilcoxon Test ◽

Control Group ◽

Positive Role ◽

Children With Adhd ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

And Control

The research aimed to examine the positive role art therapy could play in improving the attention span of children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder co-morbid Intellectual Disability in the context of Karachi (Pakistan). The key presumption was that art therapy can help in decreasing inattention among the children with ADHD co-morbid Intellectual Disability. Purposive sampling was used for the selection of cases from schools in Karachi (Pakistan) which are offering educational services to the children with special needs. The sample comprised 14 children, ages 6 to 12 years (mean age= 7.391; SD = 1.315) with ADHD co-morbid Mild ID. Experimental design was adopted for carrying out the investigation, entailing the division of the sample into the treatment group (which received 25 art therapy sessions as a form of intervention) and control group (which was provided with regular classroom activities). The allocation of children to both groups was carried out through the ABBA technique as well as the use of observation. The tools of the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder test were used to gauge the differences in the level of inattention in both groups. Analysis of data was conducted through SPSS version 17.0, using descriptive statistics to examine the pattern of data as well as identify the level of effectiveness of art therapy through administering the Wilcoxon test. The findings of the study support the assumption that art therapy is useful for curtailing impulsiveness in children with ADHD. Therefore, it can be concluded that art therapy is likely to bring positive changes in the level of attention in children with ADHD co-morbid ID. The study carries implications for individuals practicing in the field of mental health care and special education.

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Serum Galectin-3 Levels in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Psychiatry Investigation ◽

10.30773/pi.2019.0247 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (3) ◽

pp. 256-261

Author(s):

Ümit Is¸ ık ◽

Faruk Kılıç ◽

Arif Demirdas¸ ◽

Evrim Aktepe ◽

Pınar Aydog˘ an Avs¸ ar

Keyword(s):

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Analysis Of Covariance ◽

Control Group ◽

Depression Symptoms ◽

Adhd Group ◽

Children With Adhd ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Oppositional Defiant ◽

Galectin 3

Objective Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with underlying pathogenesis and etiological factors not fully understood. We assumed that galectin-3, which is also linked with inflammatory responses, may play an important role in the ethiopathogenesis of ADHD. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether serum galectin-3 levels are related to ADHD in childhood.Methods The current study consisted of 35 treatment-naive children with ADHD and 35 control subjects. The severities of ADHD and conduct disorder symptoms were assessed via parent- and teacher-rated questionnaires. The severity of anxiety and depression symptoms of the children were determined by the self-report scale. Venous blood samples were collected and serum galectin-3 levels were measured.Results The ADHD group had significantly higher serum Galectin-3 levels than the control group. To control confounding factors, including age, sex, and BMI percentile, one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) test was also performed. Analyses revealed a significantly higher serum log- Galectin-3 levels in children with ADHD compared to controls. No association was found between the mean serum galectin-3 levels and sociodemographic characteristics and clinical test scores, except the oppositional defiant behavior scores.Conclusion Our research supports the hypothesis that serum levels of galectin-3 might be related to ADHD.

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Daily life impairments associated with childhood/adolescent attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder as recalled by adults: results from the European Lifetime Impairment Survey

CNS Spectrums ◽

10.1017/s1092852914000078 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 112-121 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Herve Caci ◽

Philip Asherson ◽

Renato Donfrancesco ◽

Stephen V. Faraone ◽

Amaia Hervas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Diagnostic Process ◽

Control Group ◽

Adhd Group ◽

Childhood Experiences ◽

Adhd Diagnosis ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

History Of

IntroductionThe Lifetime Impairment Survey, conducted in Europe, assessed impairment and symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in childhood, and experiences of ADHD diagnosis and treatment, as recalled by adults.MethodsAdults with ADHD and without ADHD (control group) were invited to participate in an internet-based survey and report on their childhood experiences. History of ADHD diagnosis was self-reported. Groups were compared using impairment and symptom scales.ResultsOverall, 588 adults with ADHD and 736 without ADHD participated. Mean (standard deviation [SD]) age at diagnosis of ADHD was 20.0 (12.6) years (median 18.0) following consultation with 3.8 (5.1) doctors (median 2) over 44.6 (69.3) months (median 17.0). A total of 64.1% (377/588) of adults with ADHD reported frustration or difficulties during the diagnostic process. The ADHD group had a higher mean (SD) score versus control for general (3.3 [1.2] vs 2.1 [1.2]; p < 0.001) and school impairment (2.8 [0.7] vs 2.3 [0.6]; p < 0.001) but not home impairment (2.1 [0.5] for both groups).DiscussionThe survey demonstrated that ADHD had a negative impact on all aspects of childhood investigated, as recalled by adults.ConclusionsThese data provide insights into childhood impairments and identify areas for improvement in the management and treatment of ADHD.

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Color vision in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A pilot visual evoked potential study

10.7287/peerj.preprints.261v1 ◽

2014 ◽

Author(s):

Soyeon Kim ◽

Tobias Banaschewski ◽

Rosemary Tannock

Keyword(s):

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Color Vision ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Color Perception ◽

Control Group ◽

Adhd Group ◽

Colour Perception ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Dopaminergic Tone ◽

Visual Evoked

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MITOCHONDRIAL DNA COPY NUMBER IS ASSOCIATED WITH ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER

10.31219/osf.io/qtmg4 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Hakan Öğütlü ◽

İbrahim Selçuk Esin ◽

Haktan Bağış Erdem ◽

Abdülgani Tatar ◽

Onur Burak Dursun

Keyword(s):

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Mitochondrial Dna ◽

Mitochondrial Dysfunction ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Copy Number ◽

Control Group ◽

Case Group ◽

Adhd Group ◽

Mtdna Copy Number ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder

Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common psychiatric disorder in children. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain its etiology. Mitochondrial dysfunction (MD) is suggested to be one of the causes of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. The objective of the study was to evaluate the relationship between MD and ADHD by investigating mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) levels from peripheral blood leukocytes, one of the best biomarkers of mitochondrial dysfunction.Subjects and methods: This study included 56 children aged 6-16 years who were diagnosed with ADHD for the first time and 56 age- and sex-matched children without ADHD. Real-time PCR was performed to determine the relative mtDNA copy number in each study participant.Results: The mean mtDNA copy number of the case group was 57.623±24.827 and that of the control group was 44.204±18.926 (p=0.002). The mtDNA copy number of the case group was higher than that of the control group. Results of ROC curve analysis provided a mtDNA cutoff value of 45.Conclusion: Significantly higher mtDNA copy number in ADHD group may suggest mitochondrial dysfunction in the etiopathogenesis of ADHD.

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