Artificial Intelligence in Surgical Education: Considerations for Interdisciplinary Collaborations

Training the modern ophthalmic surgeon is a challenging process. Microsurgical education can benefit from innovative methods to practice surgery in low-risk simulations, assess and refine skills in the operating room through video content analytics, and learn at a distance from experienced surgeons. Developments in emerging technologies may allow us to pursue novel forms of instruction and build on current educational models. Artificial intelligence, which has already seen numerous applications in ophthalmology, may be used to facilitate surgical tracking and evaluation. Within immersive technology, growth in the space of virtual reality head-mounted displays has created intriguing possibilities for operating room simulation and observation. Here, we explore the applications of these technologies and comment on their future in ophthalmic surgical education.

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The evolution of surgical education

Jurnalul de Chirurgie ◽

10.7438/jsurg.2021.01.01 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 1-5

Author(s):

Eugen Târcoveanu ◽

R. Moldovanu

Keyword(s):

Artificial Intelligence ◽

Operating Room ◽

Surgical Education ◽

Rapid Development ◽

Surgical Care ◽

Basic Research ◽

Surgical Patient ◽

Training Methods ◽

Knowledge Based ◽

Digital Surgery

Surgery is constantly evolving along the history. Surgery has seen an impressive evolution due to advances in anesthesia, basic research, means of exploration, immunology, genetics, pharmacology and especially in artificial intelligence. Surgery has evolved from open surgery to minimally invasive surgery, then to robotic surgery and in future to digital surgery. The five pillars of digital surgery are: (1) robotics, (2) advanced instrumentation, (3) enhanced visualization, (4) connectivity, and (5) data analytics and machine learning. Surgical education has evolved from Halsted's model (one see, one do, one teach) to special training programs such as the Rasmussen model in 3 stages: skill based behavior, ruled based behavior, knowledge based behavior. Digital technologies are changing surgical education. New terms appear such as: Massive open online courses, Flipped classrooms, Digital badges, Virtual anatomy, Medical holograms. Artificial intelligence can improve surgical education. It can bring transparency to the operating room and accelerate surgical education. Digital Mentoring provides the next generation of the digital platform with the transfer of surgical knowledge from an expert to a practitioner and allows surgeons to evolve to achieve the best results. In addition, all members of the operative team can benefit from training using augmented virtual reality. Establishing an infrastructure that allows the perfect integration of robotics, artificial intelligence, advanced instrumentation, advanced training methods, educational programs will allow the rapid development of innovation and surgical progress. In this way, digital surgery will provide globally advanced surgical care in continuous improvement. The classical methods still remain valid in the training of young surgeons. The most important aspect remains the training in the operating room. The new methods do not exclude the classic training that gave good results, but they complement and make general surgery more attractive for the new generation. In the desire to reform surgical education we have actually lost the purpose of training - the surgical patient, which is real, not virtual. The most important aspect that must be transmitted to young surgeons is the humanism of our profession, which for the time being cannot take the digital form.

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Challenges of Human-Aware AI Systems

AI Magazine ◽

10.1609/aimag.v41i3.5257 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 41 (3) ◽

pp. 3-17

Author(s):

Subbarao Kambhampati

Keyword(s):

Artificial Intelligence ◽

Social Intelligence ◽

Mental States ◽

Public Acceptance ◽

On Demand ◽

Everyday Lives ◽

Research Challenges ◽

Interdisciplinary Collaborations ◽

Ambivalent Relationship ◽

Proactive Support

From its inception, artificial intelligence (AI) has had a rather ambivalent relationship to humans — swinging between their augmentation and their replacement. Now, as AI technologies enter our everyday lives at an ever-increasing pace, there is a greater need for AI systems to work synergistically with humans. To do this effectively, AI systems must pay more attention to aspects of intelligence that help humans work with each other — including social intelligence. I will discuss the research challenges in designing such human-aware AI systems, including modeling the mental states of humans-in-the-loop and recognizing their desires and intentions, providing proactive support, exhibiting explicable behavior, giving cogent explanations on demand, and engendering trust. I will survey the progress made so far on these challenges, and highlight some promising directions. I will also touch on the additional ethical quandaries that such systems pose. I will end by arguing that the quest for human-aware AI systems broadens the scope of AI enterprise; necessitates and facilitates true interdisciplinary collaborations; and can go a long way toward increasing public acceptance of AI technologies.

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