The era of artificial intelligence and virtual reality: transforming surgical education in ophthalmology

2020 ◽  
pp. bjophthalmol-2020-316845
Author(s):  
Shaunak K Bakshi ◽  
Shawn R Lin ◽  
Daniel Shu Wei Ting ◽  
Michael F Chiang ◽  
James Chodosh
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Operating Room ◽  
Surgical Education ◽  
Video Content ◽  
Educational Models ◽  
Innovative Methods ◽  
Head Mounted Displays ◽  
Technology Growth ◽  
Immersive Technology

Training the modern ophthalmic surgeon is a challenging process. Microsurgical education can benefit from innovative methods to practice surgery in low-risk simulations, assess and refine skills in the operating room through video content analytics, and learn at a distance from experienced surgeons. Developments in emerging technologies may allow us to pursue novel forms of instruction and build on current educational models. Artificial intelligence, which has already seen numerous applications in ophthalmology, may be used to facilitate surgical tracking and evaluation. Within immersive technology, growth in the space of virtual reality head-mounted displays has created intriguing possibilities for operating room simulation and observation. Here, we explore the applications of these technologies and comment on their future in ophthalmic surgical education.

Artificial Versus Video-Based Immersive Virtual Surroundings: Analysis of Performance and User’s Preference

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 280-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias Huber ◽  
Markus Paschold ◽  
Christian Hansen ◽  
Hauke Lang ◽  
Werner Kneist
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Operating Room ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Immersive Virtual Reality ◽  
Limited Experience ◽  
Laparoscopic Simulator ◽  
Head Mounted Displays ◽  
Vr Training ◽  
Laparoscopy Simulation ◽  
Laparoscopic Performance

Introduction. Immersive virtual reality (VR) laparoscopy simulation connects VR simulation with head-mounted displays to increase presence during VR training. The goal of the present study was the comparison of 2 different surroundings according to performance and users’ preference. Methods. With a custom immersive virtual reality laparoscopy simulator, an artificially created VR operating room (AVR) and a highly immersive VR operating room (IVR) were compared. Participants (n = 30) performed 3 tasks (peg transfer, fine dissection, and cholecystectomy) in AVR and IVR in a crossover study design. Results. No overall difference in virtual laparoscopic performance was obtained when comparing results from AVR with IVR. Most participants preferred the IVR surrounding (n = 24). Experienced participants (n = 10) performed significantly better than novices (n = 10) in all tasks regardless of the surrounding ( P < .05). Participants with limited experience (n = 10) showed differing results. Presence, immersion, and exhilaration were significantly higher in IVR. Two thirds assumed that IVR would have a positive influence on their laparoscopic simulator use. Conclusion. This first study comparing AVR and IVR did not reveal differences in virtual laparoscopic performance. IVR is considered the more realistic surrounding and is therefore preferred by the participants.

scholarly journals Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Autism

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 262-277
Author(s):  
Angeliki Sideraki ◽  
Athanasios Drigas
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Machine Learning ◽  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Innovative Methods

This paper examines the issue of artificial intelligence and its association with autism. More specifically, at a first level, reference is made to the concept of artificial intelligence, but also to concepts that are directly related and are an extension of it. In addition, the various areas in which the use of artificial intelligence is identified are presented, while the concept of autism and its connection to technology are also analyzed. As research progresses on artificial intelligence and the diagnosis of autism. More specifically, the role of artificial intelligence is now particularly active in diagnosing various disorders including autism. Innovative methods are involved in this process. The following is a summary of research that can help people diagnose autism more easily with the help of machine learning and other technologies. The presence of genetics plays a crucial role as through the identification of different genes of people with autism several conclusions have been drawn. Finally, there are some studies that have studied the role of artificial intelligence in the treatment and intervention of autism. These include robots with artificial intelligence, virtual reality (VR), chatbots, etc. and whether all of this is considered effective for the development and empowerment of children in areas with difficulties such as speech and socialization.

scholarly journals The evolution of surgical education

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Eugen Târcoveanu ◽  
R. Moldovanu
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Operating Room ◽  
Surgical Education ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Surgical Care ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Surgical Patient ◽  
Training Methods ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Digital Surgery

Surgery is constantly evolving along the history. Surgery has seen an impressive evolution due to advances in anesthesia, basic research, means of exploration, immunology, genetics, pharmacology and especially in artificial intelligence. Surgery has evolved from open surgery to minimally invasive surgery, then to robotic surgery and in future to digital surgery. The five pillars of digital surgery are: (1) robotics, (2) advanced instrumentation, (3) enhanced visualization, (4) connectivity, and (5) data analytics and machine learning. Surgical education has evolved from Halsted's model (one see, one do, one teach) to special training programs such as the Rasmussen model in 3 stages: skill based behavior, ruled based behavior, knowledge based behavior. Digital technologies are changing surgical education. New terms appear such as: Massive open online courses, Flipped classrooms, Digital badges, Virtual anatomy, Medical holograms. Artificial intelligence can improve surgical education. It can bring transparency to the operating room and accelerate surgical education. Digital Mentoring provides the next generation of the digital platform with the transfer of surgical knowledge from an expert to a practitioner and allows surgeons to evolve to achieve the best results. In addition, all members of the operative team can benefit from training using augmented virtual reality. Establishing an infrastructure that allows the perfect integration of robotics, artificial intelligence, advanced instrumentation, advanced training methods, educational programs will allow the rapid development of innovation and surgical progress. In this way, digital surgery will provide globally advanced surgical care in continuous improvement. The classical methods still remain valid in the training of young surgeons. The most important aspect remains the training in the operating room. The new methods do not exclude the classic training that gave good results, but they complement and make general surgery more attractive for the new generation. In the desire to reform surgical education we have actually lost the purpose of training - the surgical patient, which is real, not virtual. The most important aspect that must be transmitted to young surgeons is the humanism of our profession, which for the time being cannot take the digital form.

Innovative Marketing Strategies for Select E-Commerce Companies in India - A Review.

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amit Kumar Bhanja ◽  
P.C Tripathy
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Marketing Strategies ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Digital Marketing ◽  
Customer Base ◽  
Innovative Methods ◽  
Online Shoppers ◽  
Drastic Increase

Innovation is the key to opportunities and growth in today’s competitive and dynamic business environment. It not only nurtures but also provides companies with unique dimensions for constant reinvention of the existing way of performance which enables and facilitates them to reach out to their prospective customers more effectively. It has been estimated by Morgan Stanley that India would have 480 million shoppers buying products online by the year 2026, a drastic increase from 60 million online shoppers in the year 2016. E-commerce companies are aggressively implementing innovative methods of marketing their product offerings using tools like digital marketing, internet of things (IoT)and artificial intelligence to name a few. This paper focuses on outlining the innovative ways of marketing that the E-Commerce sector implements in orders to increase their customer base and aims at determining the future scope of this area. A conceptual comparative study of Amazon and Flipkart helps to determine which marketing strategies are more appealing and beneficial for both the customers and companies point of view.

scholarly journals Cybersickness in current-generation virtual reality head-mounted displays: systematic review and outlook

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Polona Caserman ◽  
Augusto Garcia-Agundez ◽  
Alvar Gámez Zerban ◽  
Stefan Göbel
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Subjective Evaluation ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Current Generation ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Head Mounted Displays ◽  
Skin Response ◽  
Golden Standard

AbstractCybersickness (CS) is a term used to refer to symptoms, such as nausea, headache, and dizziness that users experience during or after virtual reality immersion. Initially discovered in flight simulators, commercial virtual reality (VR) head-mounted displays (HMD) of the current generation also seem to cause CS, albeit in a different manner and severity. The goal of this work is to summarize recent literature on CS with modern HMDs, to determine the specificities and profile of immersive VR-caused CS, and to provide an outlook for future research areas. A systematic review was performed on the databases IEEE Xplore, PubMed, ACM, and Scopus from 2013 to 2019 and 49 publications were selected. A summarized text states how different VR HMDs impact CS, how the nature of movement in VR HMDs contributes to CS, and how we can use biosensors to detect CS. The results of the meta-analysis show that although current-generation VR HMDs cause significantly less CS ($$p<0.001$$ p < 0.001 ), some symptoms remain as intense. Further results show that the nature of movement and, in particular, sensory mismatch as well as perceived motion have been the leading cause of CS. We suggest an outlook on future research, including the use of galvanic skin response to evaluate CS in combination with the golden standard (Simulator Sickness Questionnaire, SSQ) as well as an update on the subjective evaluation scores of the SSQ.

scholarly journals Why a Virtual Assistant for Moral Enhancement When We Could have a Socrates?

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Lara
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Virtual Reality ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Personal Autonomy ◽  
Moral Enhancement ◽  
Moral Decisions ◽  
Educational Methodology ◽  
Better Than

AbstractCan Artificial Intelligence (AI) be more effective than human instruction for the moral enhancement of people? The author argues that it only would be if the use of this technology were aimed at increasing the individual's capacity to reflectively decide for themselves, rather than at directly influencing behaviour. To support this, it is shown how a disregard for personal autonomy, in particular, invalidates the main proposals for applying new technologies, both biomedical and AI-based, to moral enhancement. As an alternative to these proposals, this article proposes a virtual assistant that, through dialogue, neutrality and virtual reality technologies, can teach users to make better moral decisions on their own. The author concludes that, as long as certain precautions are taken in its design, such an assistant could do this better than a human instructor adopting the same educational methodology.

scholarly journals Augmented Reality, Virtual Reality and Artificial Intelligence in Orthopedic Surgery: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 3253
Author(s):  
Umile Giuseppe Longo ◽  
Sergio De Salvatore ◽  
Vincenzo Candela ◽  
Giuliano Zollo ◽  
Giovanni Calabrese ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Augmented Reality ◽  
Orthopaedic Surgery ◽  
Resident Training ◽  
Comprehensive Search ◽  
Virtual And Augmented Reality ◽  
Orthopaedic Training ◽  
Meta Analyses

Background: The application of virtual and augmented reality technologies to orthopaedic surgery training and practice aims to increase the safety and accuracy of procedures and reducing complications and costs. The purpose of this systematic review is to summarise the present literature on this topic while providing a detailed analysis of current flaws and benefits. Methods: A comprehensive search on the PubMed, Cochrane, CINAHL, and Embase database was conducted from inception to February 2021. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used to improve the reporting of the review. The Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool and the Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies (MINORS) was used to assess the quality and potential bias of the included randomized and non-randomized control trials, respectively. Results: Virtual reality has been proven revolutionary for both resident training and preoperative planning. Thanks to augmented reality, orthopaedic surgeons could carry out procedures faster and more accurately, improving overall safety. Artificial intelligence (AI) is a promising technology with limitless potential, but, nowadays, its use in orthopaedic surgery is limited to preoperative diagnosis. Conclusions: Extended reality technologies have the potential to reform orthopaedic training and practice, providing an opportunity for unidirectional growth towards a patient-centred approach.

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