Perceptual and cognitive determinants of tactile disgust

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (11) ◽  
pp. 2705-2716 ◽  
Author(s):  
Supreet Saluja ◽  
Richard J Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cues ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Object Identification ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Tactile Cues ◽  
Cognitive Determinants

Tactile cues are said to be potent elicitors of disgust and reliable markers of disease. Despite this, no previous study had explored what the full range of tactile properties are that cue disgust, nor how interpretation of these sensations influences disgust. To answer these questions, participants were asked to touch nine objects, selected to cover the range of tactile properties, and evaluate their sensory, affective, and risk-based characteristics (primarily how sick they thought the object would make them). Object contact was manipulated in four ways, with participants randomly allocated to corresponding groups—one that could see the objects (i.e., the control) and three that could not (i.e., the blind groups). To manipulate disease risk interpretation of the objects, labelling was used on the blind groups, with one receiving Disgust-Labels, one True-Labels and one no labels. Disgust was strongly associated with sticky and wet textures, and moderately with viscous, cold, and lumpy textures, suggesting adherence-to-skin may predict disgust. The participants in the disgust-labelled condition had the highest disgust ratings, and this was mediated by their increased sickness belief and fear of the objects. Object identification was poor when labels or visual cues were absent. Our findings suggest that tactile disgust may reflect a bottom-up sensory component—skin adhesion—moderated by judgements of disease-related threat.

Visual Attention With Cognitive Aging

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Madden ◽  
Zachary A. Monge
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Cognitive Aging ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Object Identification ◽  
Features Selection ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Attentional Functioning ◽  
Age Related

Age-related decline occurs in several aspects of fluid, speed-dependent cognition, particularly those related to attention. Empirical research on visual attention has determined that attention-related effects occur across a range of information processing components, including the sensory registration of features, selection of information from working memory, controlling motor responses, and coordinating multiple perceptual and cognitive tasks. Thus, attention is a multifaceted construct that is relevant at virtually all stages of object identification. A fundamental theme of attentional functioning is the interaction between the bottom-up salience of visual features and top-down allocation of processing based on the observer’s goals. An underlying age-related slowing is prominent throughout visual processing stages, which in turn contributes to age-related decline in some aspects of attention, such as the inhibition of irrelevant information and the coordination of multiple tasks. However, some age-related preservation of attentional functioning is also evident, particularly the top-down allocation of attention. Neuroimaging research has identified networks of frontal and parietal brain regions relevant for top-down and bottom-up attentional processing. Disconnection among these networks contributes to an age-related decline in attention, but preservation and perhaps even increased patterns of functional brain activation and connectivity also contribute to preserved attentional functioning.

Effects of Three Experimental Conditions on Preschool Children's Ability to Coordinate Visual Perspectives

1983 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 675-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominic F. Gullo ◽  
Carol Bersani
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cues ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Age Effect ◽  
Object Identification ◽  
Age Effects ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cognitive Demands ◽  
Experimental Conditions

60 3-, 4-, and 5-yr.-old children were asked to coordinate visual perspectives in three conditions: (1) Piaget and Inhelder's “Three Mountain Task,” (2) identify objects a doll could see against the side of two intersecting walls, and (3) choose a picture which represented which objects the doll could see. Both condition and age effects were significant. For all age groups there were significant differences between the “Three Mountain Task” and the other two tasks, with significantly more children responding correctly on the two object-identification conditions. No significant differences between the two object-identification conditions were found. While 5-yr.-olds performed significantly better on both object-identification conditions, no differences were found between the 3- and 4-yr.-olds on these tasks. No age effect was found on the “Three Mountain Task.” Children of all groups found this task too difficult. 3-, 4-, and 5-yr.-olds seem better at coordinating visual perspectives than suggested earlier. Greater success on present tasks may be due to the reduced number of visual cues that represented alternate visual perspectives. Differences in cognitive demands of each condition were analyzed.

scholarly journals Age-Related Changes in the Neural Dynamics of Bottom-Up and Top-Down Processing During Visual Object Recognition: An Electrophysiological Investigation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie Y. Lai ◽  
Romy Frömer ◽  
Elena K. Festa ◽  
William C. Heindel
Keyword(s):  
Object Recognition ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Semantic Integration ◽  
Object Identification ◽  
Neural Dynamics ◽  
Visual Object ◽  
Elderly Adults ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Increased Sensitivity

ABSTRACTWhen recognizing objects in our environments, we rely on both what we see and what we know. While elderly adults have been found to display increased sensitivity to top-down influences of contextual information during object recognition, the locus of this increased sensitivity remains unresolved. To address this issue, we examined the effects of aging on the neural dynamics of bottom-up and top-down visual processing during rapid object recognition. Specific EEG ERP components indexing bottom-up and top-down processes along the visual processing stream were assessed while systematically manipulating the degree of object ambiguity and scene context congruity. An increase in early attentional feedback mechanisms (as indexed by N1) as well as a functional reallocation of executive attentional resources (as indexed by P200) prior to object identification were observed in elderly adults, while post-perceptual semantic integration (as indexed by N400) remained intact. These findings suggest that compromised bottom-up perceptual processing of visual input in healthy aging leads to an increased involvement of top-down processes to resolve greater perceptual ambiguity during object recognition.

Saliency Priority of Individual Bottom-Up Attributes in Designing Visual Attention Models

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jila Hosseinkhani ◽  
Chris Joslin
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Cognitive Bias ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Saliency Detection ◽  
Visual Saliency ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Ranking System ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
The Individual

A key factor in designing saliency detection algorithms for videos is to understand how different visual cues affect the human perceptual and visual system. To this end, this article investigated the bottom-up features including color, texture, and motion in video sequences for a one-by-one scenario to provide a ranking system stating the most dominant circumstances for each feature. In this work, it is considered the individual features and various visual saliency attributes investigated under conditions in which the authors had no cognitive bias. Human cognition refers to a systematic pattern of perceptual and rational judgments and decision-making actions. First, this paper modeled the test data as 2D videos in a virtual environment to avoid any cognitive bias. Then, this paper performed an experiment using human subjects to determine which colors, textures, motion directions, and motion speeds attract human attention more. The proposed benchmark ranking system of salient visual attention stimuli was achieved using an eye tracking procedure.

COMBINED MODEL-BASED 3D OBJECT RECOGNITION

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (07) ◽  
pp. 839-852 ◽  
Author(s):  
SUNGHO KIM ◽  
GIJEONG JANG ◽  
WANG-HEON LEE ◽  
IN SO KWEON
Keyword(s):  
Object Recognition ◽  
Object Identification ◽  
Feature Binding ◽  
Human Vision ◽  
3D Object Recognition ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Combined Model ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
3D Object ◽  
Model Based

This paper presents a combined model-based 3D object recognition method motivated by the robust properties of human vision. The human visual system (HVS) is very efficient and robust in identifying and grabbing objects, in part because of its properties of visual attention, contrast mechanism, feature binding, multiresolution and part-based representation. In addition, the HVS combines bottom-up and top-down information effectively using combined model representation. We propose a method for integrating these aspects under a Monte Carlo method. In this scheme, object recognition is regarded as a parameter optimization problem. The bottom-up process initializes parameters, and the top-down process optimizes them. Experimental results show that the proposed recognition model is feasible for 3D object identification and pose estimation.

Shelter preference in the Marmorkrebs (marbled crayfish)

Behaviour ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 153 (15) ◽  
pp. 1913-1930 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuya Takahashi ◽  
Toshiki Nagayama
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Valuable Source ◽  
Tactile Cues ◽  
Dark Conditions ◽  
Marbled Crayfish ◽  
Measured Preference

For many animals, shelters are valuable source to hide from predators. To know acquisition of adequate shelter is important to understand social interactions of animals. Preferences for types of shelter used by the Marmorkrebs (marbled crayfish) were analysed behaviourally. Individual crayfish were presented with a choice between two PVC pipes with four different internal diameters (XL, L, M and S). The time spent in each shelter and the number of times crayfish entered each shelter were measured. Preference ranks of crayfish were XL = L = or > M > S. Our experiments strongly suggested that crayfish chose shelters based first on the diameter of the entrance, and then based on the length of the shelter. Crayfish recognised adequate shelters by visual cues under light conditions and utilised tactile cues from their antennae under dark conditions.

Bottom Up Comparative Politics: Game Theory Abroad

2008 ◽  
Vol 41 (04) ◽  
pp. 871-877 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Lane
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Game Theory ◽  
Graduate Students ◽  
Comparative Politics ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Analytic Theory ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Political Narratives ◽  
National Life

If comparative politics is in one if its periodic states of theoretical collapse (Blyth 2006, 493), no one feels the lack of roof and walls more acutely than instructors in undergraduate comparative politics classes. With professional colleagues and graduate students one preaches to the choir, but with college students, many of whom may be non-majors, we must workin partibus infidelium, among those who have not yet been converted. Without an orthodox doctrine to work from, this can be a challenging task indeed. The approach used here, combining detailed socio-political narratives with strong analytic theory, tends to engage students because it fills in a full range of national life, rich in national eccentricities, cultural exaggerations, and hidden motives, and because it controls the proliferation of detail by emphasizing its logic. In a sense the abstract becomes concrete and the concrete becomes abstract.

scholarly journals Stream grazers determine their crawling direction on the basis of chemical and visual/tactile microalgal cues

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Izumi Katano ◽  
Hideyuki Doi
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Chemical Cues ◽  
Chemical Cue ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Tactile Cues ◽  
Experimental Treatments

This study aimed to determine the association of herbivore behavior with cues from producers. We used stream grazer Glossosoma larvae and determined their crawling direction in relation to the chemical and visual cues from microalgae. The experimental treatments included control (no cue), particulate (chemical and visual/tactile cues), and dissolved (chemical cue) cues from microalgae. The experimental water samples were randomly placed into either arms of a Y-shaped channel, and the crawling direction of the grazers was determined. Although the grazers crawled toward the arm containing either particulate or dissolved cues, they preferred the arm with particulate cues. This suggested that grazers responded well when both visual/tactile (i.e., drifting algal cells) and chemical cues (algal smell) were present, and that visual/tactile cues were more important for foraging. In natural habitats, grazers detect cues from both producers and predators and use them to maximize fitness by avoiding predation and obtaining food.

The Integration of Tactile and Visual Cues Increases Golf Putting Error in a Mixed-Reality Paradigm.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caitlin Elisabeth Naylor ◽  
David Harris ◽  
Samuel James Vine ◽  
Jack Brookes ◽  
Faisal Mushtaq ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cues ◽  
Mixed Reality ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
Error Variance ◽  
Physical Contact ◽  
Action Execution ◽  
Head Mounted Display ◽  
Golf Putting ◽  
Tactile Cues ◽  
Lateral Error

The integration of visual and tactile cues can enhance perception. However, the nature of this integration, and the subsequent benefits on perception and action execution, are context-dependent. Here, we examined how visual-tactile integration can influence performance on a complex motor task using virtual reality. We asked participants to wear a VR head-mounted display while using a tracked physical putter to make golf putts on a VR golf course in two conditions. In the ‘tactile’ condition, putter contact with the virtual golf ball coincided with physical contact with a physical ball. In a second ‘no tactile’ condition, no physical ball was present, such that only the virtual ball contacted the putter. In contrast to our pre-registered prediction that performance would benefit from the integration of visual and tactile cues, we found golf putting accuracy was higher in the no tactile condition compared to the tactile condition. Participants exhibited higher lateral error variance and over/undershooting when the physical ball was present. These differences in performance between the conditions suggest that tactile cues, when available, were integrated with visual cues. Second, this integration is not necessarily beneficial to performance. We suggest that the decreased performance caused by the addition of a physical ball may have been due to minor incongruencies between the virtual visual cues and the physical tactile cues. We discuss the implications of these results on the use of VR sports training and highlight that the absence of matched tactile cues in VR can result in sub-optimal learning and performance.

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